Confucius was born in a noble family. His predecessor is Yin, and he is a descendant of Yes. When I arrived at Wuzu's father, because my father Jia was killed in the infighting in the imperial court, my father was also demoted to a scholar and was "peerless", that is, he was deprived of his hereditary status as a doctor. In order to distinguish the public, he changed his surname to Kong. His third ancestor, Shu, fled to Shandong (present-day Shandong) and settled in Fearful Fahrenheit. Congo, the father of Confucius, was a "SHEN WOO man" under Meng Xianzi, a noble of Lu. He was promoted to be a doctor in Qiaoyi (now Qufu South, Shandong Province) because of his twice meritorious military service. In his sixties, Brother Kong married a girl under the age of twenty, Yan Zhizai. The age gap shows the disparity of their class status. It is said that his wife gave birth to Confucius in a cave (named after "Hannah Quinlivan Cave" and "Confucius Cave", which is still there today), because the couple could not go home because they prayed for the mountain gods. This mountain is called Nishan, which is located in the south of Qufu. ? Confucius lost his father at three and his mother at seventeen. Confucius attached importance to etiquette education in family education. The poor life prompted him to work for his livelihood earlier and learn various skills. He claimed: "I am very poor, so I can do more things." In his youth, he worked as a Commissioner (in charge of warehouses) and a farmer (in charge of animal husbandry) under the Jishi clan, from which he came into contact with the lower classes and learned some wishes and demands of the people. ? Confucius grew up in Shandong and was the cultural center at that time. Under the influence of "Zhou Li", at the age of six, he "played for his children and made a ceremony for the imperial guards." . When I was fifteen years old, I set up an unshakable learning ambition. "I am determined to learn five times ten times." He studied the ancient China culture preserved by Lu, from which he sought the way to govern the country and save the people. This basic direction determines his life path and forms the ideological characteristics of Confucianism. ? Confucius' greatest ambition is to have the opportunity to enter the political arena and practice benevolent government. He said, "You are useful to me. You can do it in one month and succeed in three years." It means that if someone uses me to govern politics, one year will be almost the same, and three years will be fruitful. Confucius has been running around Qilu since he was about 30 years old, hoping to realize his ideal through politics. However, after more than ten years of efforts, it has not been reused by the rulers. So I invited my disciples to give lectures. He was not appointed commander-in-chief until he was 5 1 year old. Later, it was "killed by Zhongdu as Sikong, and killed by Sikong as the big sheep herder" and "photographed by the big sheep herder". Later, he retired because of the intensification of the contradiction with Dr. Lu. During his official career, he did not stop running schools. Seeing that his political ambition could not be realized in Lu, he led his disciples around the world at the age of 55. Confucius went through more than ten countries including Wei, Cao, Chen, Song, Cai, Zheng, Chu, etc. While insisting on mobile teaching, he publicized his political opinions and returned to Shandong at the age of 68. Since then, he has specialized in education.

Although Confucius did not achieve his goal politically, he made outstanding achievements in culture and education. When Confucius was about 30 years old (522 BC), he began his educational career by engaging in private school activities. During his political career and traveling around the world, Lu kept recruiting disciples, giving lectures anytime and anywhere, and engaged in education for more than forty years. He has been engaged in education all his life with the spirit of "never getting tired of learning and never getting tired of teaching", which is the fundamental condition for his success in education. In the teaching process, Confucius collected and arranged ancient literature such as poems, books, rites and music as teaching materials, which played an important role in the spread of ancient culture in China. He also accumulated rich experience through teaching practice. He systematically expounded the educational purpose, educational content and teaching methods, which had a great influence on the education of later generations. Historical Records Confucius Family records that Confucius had "three thousand disciples, two of whom were proficient in six arts", and he himself said, "seven of them were proficient in six arts. "He has trained so many talents, which is fruitful in education and has done something unprecedented.

In 479 BC, a generation of educator Confucius died of illness, and all his disciples lost their lives for three years. "After three years of mourning, I will cry and mourn; Or stay. Gong Lu, the only son, lived on the mound for six years and then went. Disciples and Lu people went home from the tomb for more than 100 rooms, because they were in the cave. "

Confucius' thoughts and behaviors were recorded by his disciples and later compiled into a book called The Analects, which is the most important material for studying Kong Qiu's educational thoughts.

Second, pay attention to the role of education.

Confucius believes that education plays an important role in social development and is one of the three elements of building the country and governing the country. The development of education should be based on economic development. "The Analects of Confucius Lutz" records: "Wei Shi is a son, but there are servants. Confucius said,' It's plain.' You Ran said,' If you are an ordinary person, why bother?' Say, "rich." Say,' If you are rich, why bother?' Say, "teach it." Through the question of You Ran, Confucius briefly expounded his policy program of "equality, wealth and education". Judging from the arrangement of equality, wealth and religion, Confucius has intuitively realized that these three conditions are necessary for governing a country well. That is, labor force, developing production, education and developing education.

Confucius affirmed the key role of education in the process of human development. For the first time in the history of China, he put forward that "sex is similar, but learning is far away". This theory is scientific to a certain extent, pointing out that people's natural qualities are similar, breaking the concept that the aristocratic talents of slave owners are superior to civilians. This scientific proposition is not only the theoretical basis of Confucius' "teaching without class", but also the crystallization of Confucius' long-term educational work. ?

Third, the target of education is relatively wide.

Advocating "education without class" is the knowledge of nobles before the Spring and Autumn Period, and it is the sons of princes and nobles who are eligible for education. As a civilian, you are not qualified to enter the school for education. After Confucius founded a private school, he first carried out a corresponding revolution in the enrollment targets and implemented the policy of "teaching without distinction", which is also an important part of Confucius' educational practice and theory. ? Regarding "teaching makes no difference", Ma Rong in the Eastern Han Dynasty said: "People have no difference." Emperor Liang Chao said, "People are noble and humble, so they should receive education with the same resources. They shouldn't be ignorant of their own types. If you teach well, you don't have to attend classes. " ? Its original intention is that everyone can go to school and receive education regardless of class, wealth or race. In order to realize this principle, Confucius said when enrolling students: "I have never taught myself how to be self-disciplined." As long as I am willing to learn and present 10 piece of dried meat as a gift, I can become a disciple. Facts show that his disciples came from Qi, Lu, Song, Wei, Qin, Jin, Chen, Cai, Wu, Chu and other vassal States and were widely distributed. Disciples are complex and come from different classes and strata. Most of them come from ordinary people, such as Yan Hui, who lives in a poor alley, the frontier savage who lives on the street, Zeng Shen, who is too poor to make a fire for three days and too poor to make clothes for ten years, Yuan Xian, who lives in a shack, and Zhong Gong, whose father is a poor family and has no place to put a cone. There are also some businessmen, such as Zigong, who used to speculate. There are also a few well-known families, such as Meng of Lu, Ma Niu of Nangong and Song. In Confucius' private school, all kinds of disciples and figures are really living specimens of "teaching without distinction". At that time, some people did not understand this and had various questions. Huizi of the South asked Zigong sarcastically, "How complicated is the master's door?" Zi Gong said, "A gentleman is waiting for a gentleman, but he wants to come and not far away (refuse). There are many people who want to go, and there are many patients at the door of good doctors? ? There are many waste wood in the hidden edge of the wood, which is also miscellaneous. " Although their personalities are uneven, they can be eclectic and teach useful people, which shows that educators are broad-minded and talented in education and art.

Fourth, the purpose of education

The fundamental purpose of Confucius education is to cultivate people with lofty ideals and benevolence. Throughout his life, he pursued Tao with the spirit of "hearing Tao early and dying late". But Confucius was frustrated all his life, so he pinned all his hopes on his disciples. He taught his students that "man can spread the Tao, but he can't spread it", "man has ambition in the Tao, so it is not enough to talk about those who eat by his clothes", "he believes in learning and is good at death" and "a benevolent person is benevolent, harming others without survival, and killing himself as an adult". His students are also very savvy. For example, Zeng Shen said, "Scholars have a long way to go to strive for self-improvement. Isn't it important to think that benevolence is your responsibility? Death is not far away! " Xia Zi said: "One hundred workers live in four places to achieve their goals, and a gentleman learns his way." It can be seen that teaching and learning are the common goals of Confucius teachers and students, and the educational purpose of Confucius has been transformed into the learning purpose of students. It is precisely because of this unity of subject and object that Confucius can produce many talented students.

"Learning to be an excellent official" is consistent with the "promoting talents" advocated by Confucius, which determines the educational purpose of cultivating ruling talents and is of great significance in the history of education. It reflected the social needs of the rise of feudalism and became a great driving force for intellectuals to actively learn at that time.