The relocation of Kyoto must also consider various geographical factors:
(1) Kyoto should be built in economically developed and wealthy areas to maintain the material needs of the ruling group;
(2) Kyoto should be located in the central part of the country, or have convenient traffic conditions, so as to facilitate the implementation of government decrees and control internal and external affairs;
(3) Kyoto should choose natural conditions where risks can be defended, so that it will not be destroyed by external forces and the country will have long-term stability. The location of the capital of any political power in history can not fully meet the above three conditions, and it can only choose a relatively favorable location according to the main contradictions at that time, so the choice of the capital often reflects the general situation of that period. On the other hand, once the capital is determined, it will also have a certain impact on the political, military and economic development of the whole country.
Beijing is the capital of People's Republic of China (PRC), one of the four municipalities directly under the Central Government of China, and the national political, cultural and international exchange center. Beijing is located at the northern end of North China Plain, with Tianjin in the southeast and Hebei Province in the rest. As the second largest city in China, Beijing is also the general hub of land and air transportation and the most important domestic and international exchange center in China. Beijing successfully hosted the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games.
Beijing has a long history of more than 3,000 years and a capital history of more than 850 years. It is a famous historical and cultural city in the world and one of the four ancient capitals in China. With a superior geographical position, it is an ideal place for China's national political center. As early as 700,000 years ago, the original community "Beijingers" appeared in Zhoukoudian, Beijing, and the earliest recorded name in Beijing was "thistle".
Second, what is the historical change of China? In the history of China, the hereditary system of the throne was formed from the second1century BC when Yu Xia succeeded to the throne, until the last emperor of the Qing Dynasty abdicated in 19 1 1. Over the past 4,000 years, it has experienced Xia, Shang, Zhou (Western Zhou/Eastern Zhou), Spring and Autumn, Warring States, Qin, Han (Western Han/Eastern Han), Three Kingdoms, Jin (Western Jin/Eastern Jin), Southern and Northern Dynasties, Sui, Tang, Five Dynasties, Ten Kingdoms and One Song (Northern Song/Southern Song, Liao, Dali and Xixia).
The ruling time of each dynasty is as follows: Xia: 2070 BC? BC 1600: BC 1600? BC 1046: Western Zhou Dynasty: BC 1046? Eastern Zhou Dynasty before 77 1: before T70? 256 years ago (Spring and Autumn Period: 770 years ago? Warring States Period in 476 BC: 475 BC? 22 1 years ago) Qin: 22 1 years ago? 206 years ago. ? Top 206? AD 220 (Western Han Dynasty: 206 BC? Eastern Han Dynasty in 25: 25 AD? 220) reflection: 220? 280 (Wei: 220? Shu Han at 265: 22 1? Wu 222 is at 263? 280) gold: 265? AD 420 (Western Jin Dynasty: 265? 3 17 eastern Jin dynasty: 3 17? Sixteen countries: 304? Southern and Northern Dynasties in 439: Southern Dynasties: 420? In 589 AD (Song: 420? 479) Northern Dynasties: 386? 58 1 year (Northern Wei Dynasty: 386? Eastern Wei Dynasty in 534: 534? Beiqi in 550: 550? Western Wei dynasty 557: 535? Northern Zhou Dynasty 557: 557? 58 1 year) spike: 58 1? 6 18 Tang: 6 18? Five Dynasties and Ten Countries in 907: Five Dynasties: 907? 960 (rear beam: 907? After 923: 923? After 936: 936? After 946, Han: 947? After 950: 95 1? 960) Ten countries: 902? 979 Song Dynasty: (Northern Song Dynasty: 960? 1 127 Southern Song Dynasty: 1 127? 1279 Liao: 907? 1 125 Xixia? 1038? 1227 annuity: 1 1 15? 1234) Yuan: 127 1? 1368 Ming: 1368? 1644 Qing dynasty: 1644? 19 1 1 year.
3. The Xia Dynasty (2070 BC-65438 BC+0600 BC), the capital of China's dynasties, was in Yangcheng, which is now Dengfeng East.
The capital of Shang Dynasty (BC 1600-BC 1046) was in the north of Shangqiu, Henan Province. BC 1300, Shang King Pan Geng moved to Yin, which is now Anyang, Henan.
The capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty (from BC 1046 to BC 77 1 year) was Haojiang, west of Xi City, Shaanxi Province. The capital of the Eastern Zhou Dynasty (770 BC to 22 BC1year) was in Luoyi, which is now Luoyang, Henan.
The capital of the Qin Dynasty (22 1 year to 206 BC) was Xianyang, which is now the northeast of Xianyang, Shaanxi. The capital of the Western Han Dynasty (206 BC-23 AD) was Chang 'an, which is in the northwest of Xi City, Shaanxi Province.
The capital of the Eastern Han Dynasty (AD 25-220) was Luoyang, east of Luoyang, Henan Province. During the Three Kingdoms period (AD 220-280), Wei was in Luoyang, now east of Luoyang, Henan; The capital of Shu is Chengdu, which is now Chengdu, Sichuan; Wu's capital is Jianye, which is now Nanjing, Jiangsu.
The capital of the Western Jin Dynasty (AD 265-3 16) was in Luoyang, east of Luoyang, Henan. The capital of the Eastern Jin Dynasty (AD 3 17 to 420) was Jiankang, which is now Nanjing, Jiangsu.
During the Southern and Northern Dynasties (AD 420-589), the capitals of the four dynasties of Song, Qi, Liang and Chen experienced in the Southern Dynasties were all in Jiankang, which is now Nanjing, Jiangsu; Pingcheng, the capital of the Northern Wei Dynasty, is in the northeast of Datong, Shanxi. In 493 AD, he moved the capital to Luoyang, now east of Luoyang, Henan; The capital of the Eastern Wei Dynasty is in Ye, now southwest of Linzhang, Hebei; The capital of the Western Wei Dynasty was in Chang 'an, northwest of Xi 'an, Shaanxi. The capital of the Northern Qi Dynasty is Ye, which is in the southwest of Linzhang, Hebei Province. The capital of the Northern Zhou Dynasty is in Chang 'an, which is now northwest of Xi City, Shaanxi Province.
The capital of the Sui Dynasty (58 1 to 6 18) was Daxing, which is now Xi 'an, Shaanxi. The capital of the Tang Dynasty (A.D. 6 18-907) was Chang 'an, which is now Xi 'an in Shaanxi.
During the Five Dynasties (907-960 AD), the capital of Liang Hanzhou was in Kaifeng, Henan. The capital of the Tang Dynasty is Luoyang, Henan. The capital of the Northern Song Dynasty (960- 1 127) was in Tokyo, which is now Kaifeng, Henan.
The capital of the Southern Song Dynasty (A.D. 1 127 to 1279) was Lin 'an, which is now Hangzhou, Zhejiang. The capital of the Yuan Dynasty (A.D. 127 1 to 1368) was a metropolis, which is now Beijing.
The capital of the Ming Dynasty (A.D. 1368- 1644) was Yingtian, which is now Nanjing, Jiangsu. The capital of the early Qing Dynasty (A.D. 1644 to191) was Shengjing, which is now Shenyang, Liaoning.
After the Qing army entered Shanhaiguan in A.D. 1644, Emperor Shunzhi moved the capital, which is now Beijing.
Four. Historical Changes in Beijing The Temple of Heaven, built at 1420, is one of the most famous historical sites in Beijing. Beijing has a history of more than 3000 years and 850 years.
Since Qin and Han Dynasties, Beijing has been an important military and commercial town in northern China, with the names of Ji Cheng, Yan Dou, Yanjing, Nanjing, Zhongdu, Dadu, Shi Jing, Shuntianfu, Beiping and Beijing. In ancient times, as early as the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Zhou Wuwang named Gyeonggi and its vicinity as Yan. Its capital is Liu Lihe Town, Fangshan District, Beijing, and the site still exists.
After Yao, people (descendants of the Yellow Emperor) were appointed as Ji, in the southwest of Beijing today. After Yan was destroyed, it moved its capital to Ji, which was collectively called Yan Dou or Yanjing.
During the Qin Dynasty, Ji County was established in Gyeonggi, which belonged to Yang Guangjun. In the fifth year of Emperor Gaozu, the city was brought under the jurisdiction of Yan State.
In the first year of Yuanfeng, it was re-established as Yang Guang Ji County, belonging to Youzhou. In the first year, it was the capital of Yang Guang country, because the emperor's personal packet was here.
When Guangwu was reformed in the Eastern Han Dynasty, the secretariat department of Youzhou was located in Jixian County. Yongyuan reinstated Yangguangjun in eight years.
In the Western Jin Dynasty, the court changed Yangguang County to Yan State, and Youzhou moved to Fanyang. After the Sixteen Kingdoms and Zhao Dynasty, the residence of Youzhou moved back to Jixian County, and the state of Yan was changed to Yan County, which remained unchanged after the rule of Yan Qian, the former Qin Dynasty, the later Yan Dynasty and the Northern Wei Dynasty.
Yan County was abandoned in the third year of Sui Dynasty. But soon in the great cause of three years, the Sui Dynasty changed Youzhou to Zhuo Jun.
At the beginning of the Five Dynasties, Liu Rengong, a warlord, established a local political power here, called the Prince of Yan, which was later destroyed by the later Tang Dynasty. In the early years of the Northern Song Dynasty, Song Taizong fought against Liao in Gaolianghe (now Haidian District, Beijing), and was defeated in the Northern Song Dynasty. From then on, he longed for sixteen states. Liao established its capital in Beijing in the first year of Huitong (938) (subject to this, the history of Beijing's capital establishment will be 107 1 year in 2009), and in the first year of Kaitai, it was renamed as Nanjing Youdu House and Xijin House.
In the first year of Zhenyuan (1 153), Emperor Yan Yanliang of the Jin Dynasty officially established the capital in Beijing (based on this, it will be 856 years in 2009), which is called Zhongdu, and it is in the southwest of Beijing today. Since then, the capitals of the Yuan Dynasty and the Qing Dynasty have been established here. During the Yongle period of the Ming Dynasty, Judy, the founding emperor of the Ming Dynasty, moved to Beijing for the convenience of resisting the Mongolian army.
Since then, Beijing has become the new capital of the Ming Dynasty. Muqali, a general under Genghis Khan, captured Beijing in 12 15 and set up Daxing Mansion on Yanjing Road.
In the first year of Zhiyuan, Yuan Shizu was renamed Daxing House in Zhongdu Road. In the ninth year of the Yuan Dynasty, Daxing Mansion in Zhongdu was officially renamed Dadu Road (Turkic: Khanbalik, meaning "Khan City", transliterated as cambaluc and Gambalik).
According to Marco Polo's Travels, Yuan people believed in Buddhism, and they were like auspicious animals of Buddhism. At that time, most of them often walked like elephants. In the early Ming Dynasty, Yingtianfu (now Nanjing) was the capital. In August of the first year of Hongwu, Dadu Road was renamed Beiping House, and in October of the same year it was transferred to Shandong Province for military needs.
In March of the second year of Hongwu, it was changed to Beiping Chengxuan Post Office. Judy, the prince of Yan, won the throne after the Jingnan Rebellion. In the first year of Yongle, Beiping was changed to Beijing. Because she lived here as a "traveler" (hence the name "traveler"), Beijing got its name.
After Judy made Beijing the capital, elephants were only forbidden to walk in Beijing. Beijing is orderly, prosperous and happy.
In the first month of the 19th year of Yongle, the central government of Ming Dynasty officially moved its capital to Beijing, with Shuntianfu Beijing as its capital, and Yingtianfu called Nanjing its capital. During the Ming Renzong and Yingzong periods, Beijing was once reduced to the present, and the capital was restored to Nanjing Yingtianfu. Qing soldiers stationed in Beijing after entering the customs, also known as Shuntianfu, is the capital of Beijing and belongs to Zhili.
Qing dynasty * * * implemented the policy of separating the flag from the people in Beijing, that is, the Eight Banners lived in the inner city, and * * * and * * lived in the outer city. During the Qing Dynasty, the sanitary problems in Beijing were very poor. In the palace, eunuchs are like ants.
Li Jiarui's "Beiping Customs" said: "The streets are bumpy, dusty and muddy, with horses and cattle all over the ground, noisy and gloomy." After the Beijing Treaty was signed in the late Qing Dynasty (1860-1912)1860, foreign envoys and missionaries were chartered to enter Beijing to build churches all over the city, while embassies were concentrated in Dongjiaominxiang.
In the early years of the Republic of China (19 12-1928), after the Revolution of 1911 (1 1), in the first year of the Republic of China (65438+ 1), Nanjing was the capital and moved to Beijing in March of the same year. In the early years of the Republic of China, Beijing's local system was still in accordance with the Qing system and was called Shuntianfu.
Until the third year of the Republic of China, Shuntianfu was changed to Jingzhao, which was directly under Beiyang. During this period, Beijing established a new tram system and a number of modern cultural and educational institutions, such as Tsinghua University, yenching university, Peking University, Fu Jen Catholic University and Union Medical College.
1928-1949 After the Northern Expedition, the capital of China moved to Nanjing, and the former Jingzhao place was abolished, and Beijing was renamed as Beiping Special City. 1June, 930, Beiping was downgraded to the municipality of Hebei Province, and1February, 930, it was upgraded to the municipality of this hospital again.
During this period, although Beijing did not have the status of the capital, it still had a key advantage in education, and was called "Boston of China" by international people. 1937 After the July 7th Incident, Beiping was occupied by Japan.
The puppet Republic of China was temporarily established here, and Beiping was renamed Beijing. On August 2,1,1945, the Japanese surrendered, and the1/war zone Sun Lianzhong took over Beijing and renamed it Beiping.
After the founding of People's Republic of China (PRC) (1949-)1949 65438+10/,General Fu reached a peace agreement with China, and led an army of 250,000 people. Anyway, the people of China entered Beiping to realize the liberation of Beijing. On September 27th of the same year, the first plenary session of China People's Political Consultative Conference passed the Resolution on the Capital, Calendar, National Anthem and National Flag of People's Republic of China (PRC), and Beiping was renamed Beijing.
106, the Central People's Government of People's Republic of China (PRC) was proclaimed in Beijing.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) Changes of the ancient capital of China Beijing (Ming and Qing Dynasties) Xi 'an (Han and Tang Dynasties) Nanjing (Southern Dynasties, then called Jiankang or Jinling) Hangzhou (Southern Song Dynasty) Luoyang (Northern Dynasties) Shenyang (Later Jin Dynasty, before the Qing Dynasty entered the customs) Guangzhou (King of Nanyue) Chengdu (Shu, Later Shu) Dali (now) Lanzhou (Xixia) and many others.
Also known as capital, capital, capital, capital. Kyoto is not only the political center of a dynasty, but also its economic and cultural center. So its setting should be relatively stable.
However, with the development of national politics and economy and the need of expanding the situation, Kyoto often moves from the old capital to a more suitable new capital. In the history of China, not only have many regimes experienced the gradual shift of Kyoto status in their own development, but on the whole, the status of Kyoto in past dynasties has also shown the shift mainly from east to west and then from north to south.
The relocation of Kyoto must also consider various geographical factors: ① Kyoto should be built in an economically developed and wealthy area to maintain the material needs of the ruling group; (2) Kyoto should be located in the central part of the country, or have convenient traffic conditions, so as to facilitate the implementation of government decrees and control internal and external affairs; (3) Kyoto should choose natural conditions where risks can be defended, so that it will not be destroyed by external forces and the country will have long-term stability. The location of the capital of any political power in history can not fully meet the above three conditions, and it can only choose a relatively favorable location according to the main contradictions at that time, so the choice of the capital often reflects the general situation of that period.
On the other hand, once the capital is determined, it will also have a certain impact on the political, military and economic development of the whole country. Xia Dynasty, the capital of the pre-Qin period, is the symbol of the formation of China and the beginning of the emergence of China.
The legendary summer capitals are Yangcheng (now southeast of Dengfeng, Henan Province), Pingyang (now southwest of Linfen, Shanxi Province), Anyi (now northeast of Xia County, Shanxi Province) and Handan. (now northwest of Dengfeng, Henan), Diqiu (now southwest of Puyang, Henan), Yuan (now northwest of Jiyuan, Henan), Laoqiu (now northeast of Kaifeng, Henan), Xihe (now northeast of Tangyin, Henan) and other places. It is distributed in the upper reaches of Heying River in western Henan, Luo Yi Basin, the lower reaches of Fenhe River in northern Henan and the southern Shaanxi and Sushui areas, with uncertain migration.
Since 1959, archaeologists have discovered two palaces with heavy workload, as well as ordinary residential sites, workshop sites, caves and tombs in Erlitou, Yanshi County, Henan Province, which are equivalent to the Xia culture era and may be the earliest capital discovered so far. BC16th century, Shang Tang (that is, the Tang Dynasty) destroyed the summer and made its capital in Bo (now southeast of Cao County, Shandong Province).
First, the merchants moved eight times, then six times, namely Tao (now northeast of Xingyang, Henan), Xiang (now southeast of Yellow River, Henan), Xing (now northeast of wen county, Henan), Pi (now Yuncheng, Shandong), Yan (now Qufu, Shandong) and Yin (now Anyang, Henan). After Pan Geng moved to Yin, the merchants did not move again for 273 years, until the 20th year of Shang Di Yi (1065), when he left the palace to worship the Song Dynasty (now Qixian County, Henan Province).
Yin was the capital of the heyday of Shang Dynasty, which provided the earliest and relatively complete example for studying the slave society capital of China. The capital of the Zhou Dynasty also experienced several migrations, from the Loess Plateau to the Weihe River Basin step by step, "building a prosperous city" (now southwest of Xi 'an, Shaanxi).
Zhou Wuwang succeeded to the throne, with a small place in Fengjing, and moved the capital to the east bank of Fengjing (Doumen Town, Jin 'an City), but left the ancestral temple in Fengjing, which was called Fengjing. "The king of Zhou lived there and the princes lived there", so Fengjing was also called. The Western Zhou Dynasty took Haojing as the center, enfeoffed governors, issued decrees, and gathered craftsmen from all over the world to make them here. For 300 years, it was the largest political and cultural center and economic metropolis in the Zhou Dynasty.
When King Wu was in business, he once "camped in Luoyi and then went". Guan, Cai and Wu Geng conspired, and the Duke of Zhou marched eastward. In order to strengthen the control of the eastern governors, Wu Wang built a new city on the north bank of Luoshui, which was called "Luoyi" (now Luoyang Wangcheng Park) as the capital of the East. He also built a military castle in the east of the city to monitor the "stubborn people", which was called "Chengzhou" in history (now Luoyang, the ancient city of the Eastern Han Dynasty and Wei Dynasty).
Luoyi became the Zhou Dynasty because it was in the middle of the world, with a balanced road, which was convenient for governors from all directions to pay tribute. King Cheng moved from Haojing to this city and Jiuding to show his state of being a country, making Luoyi gradually become the national economic and ceremonial sacrifice center and the capital of the Western Zhou Dynasty.
In 77 1 year BC, he was captured by Gou Rong. The following year, Pingtung moved to Luoyi, known as the "King City". From Zhou to Xia, the two cities alternate as capitals. The implementation of the capital system in the Zhou Dynasty was a pioneering work in the history of capital construction in China, which was followed by later generations.
During the Eastern Zhou Dynasty and other countries, the use of iron brought about the development of agriculture and handicraft production, the separation of commerce and the surge of population, thus promoting the rise of cities. With the decline of the royal family in the Zhou Dynasty, princes competed for hegemony, and many countries built fortifications and cities, forming the capitals of many countries where princes lived.
The fate of the capital is closely related to the fate of the vassal States, which is what the so-called "city breaks the country and dies" means. There is also a process of site selection and relocation in capitals of various countries, which is a reflection of the ups and downs of vassal power, the struggle for which is more conducive to their own development, the desire to communicate with the outside world, and the uneasiness in corners (see attached table for capitals of various countries).
In the early days, most of the capitals of China chose plain hills and hills or the contact zone between two landforms (mountains and plains), and they were connected by a river. Xia, Shang and Zhou moved the capital successively. Although it is difficult to locate accurately, it has not left the valley plain area of the Yellow River Basin, which is caused by the emphasis on fertile and fertile areas in the early capital location.
In the late Shang Dynasty, the capital was in Yin for a long time, and within two weeks, Guanzhong and Luoyang Basin were the political centers respectively, which laid a pattern of moving eastward and westward with the Yellow River as the axis in the early history of capital construction in China feudal society. The major capitals from the Qin Dynasty to the Northern Song Dynasty were unified autocratic and centralized countries established by Qin Shihuang. During the more than 1,300 years when the Zhao and Song regimes crossed south in the early12nd century, Chang 'an, Luoyang, Kaifeng or Yeh were the capitals of unified political power and ruled the northern part of China. Jiankang only served as the capital of China's southern regime during the period of split and opposition between North and South. However, the capitals of the separatist regimes of the Sixteen Kingdoms and the Five Dynasties and Ten Kingdoms did not exist for a long time.
During this period, the capital migration mainly concentrated in Chang 'an, Luoyang, Kaifeng and Ye Jian in the Central Plains. The formation of this situation is the inevitable result of the development of natural environment and national conditions in the above areas.
Before the 8th century, the Central Plains was the richest and most densely populated area in China.
The characteristics of the evolution of the ancient capital of China, an intransitive verb, can be divided into two stages from the development history of the whole capital system: the former stage was a closed capital system period from the pre-Qin Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty.
The latter period, from the Northern Song Dynasty to the Ming and Qing Dynasties, was an open period of capital system. The so-called closed capital system mainly refers to the closed resident system and the trade city system of Guo concentration.
The "Lifang" with many residents and the "city" with many shops are surrounded by walls. All the portals are managed by small officials, which are opened and closed regularly in the morning and evening, and they are not allowed to enter or leave at night. Ordinary houses are only allowed to be built within the "Li Fang" and are not allowed to open doors in the street.
At night, the city gates and gates are closed, the streets are not allowed to pass, and the capital has strict security facilities. There are kiosks on the streets of Yangcheng, Qin Dou, and officials such as "beggars" are responsible for street security.
Chang 'an in the Western Han Dynasty and Luoyang in the Eastern Han Dynasty not only set up "pavilions" on the "streets" in the city, but also set up "Waiguo Pavilion" about ten miles outside the city gate. In Chang 'an in the Tang Dynasty, street shops were set up at the entrance of the city and the corner of the street to guard the garrison and manage public order.
From the pre-Qin Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, the historical stage of implementing the closed capital system can also be divided into three periods according to the different layout of the connection between the city and the country: the Shang Dynasty was a period of having a city without a country; From the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Western Han Dynasty, Xicheng was connected with Dongguo. From the Eastern Han Dynasty to the Tang Dynasty, the central and northern urban areas were surrounded by the east, west, south and three countries. Since the early years of the Western Zhou Dynasty, Duke Zhou took Luoyang as the eastern capital, creating the layout of connecting Daguo in the east and small towns on all sides, and the layout of connecting Chengguo has been popularized and applied for a long time.
The lost article in the Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu Yue said that "the city was built to defend the monarch, and the country was founded to build a country with residents" (quoted from the Taiping Magnolia Volume 193, and the "people" in the Beginners Notes Volume 24 was "people" and should be avoided), which became the norm of capital construction in past dynasties. The Western Zhou Dynasty, a system connecting the western city with the eastern country, was not only adopted by the vassal states of the Central Plains during the Spring and Autumn Period and the Warring States Period, but also extended to Xianyang, Qin Dou and Chang 'an, the capital of the Western Han Dynasty.
(run a question, if I use it, is it a sick sentence? During the Western Han Dynasty and the Eastern Han Dynasty, great changes took place in the capital system. The orientation of the whole capital has changed from "sitting west facing east" to "sitting north facing south", from the layout of west city connecting East Guo or southwest city connecting Northeast China, to the layout of Guo District surrounding the central and northern urban areas in the east, west and south. Later Wei and Jin Dynasties and Luoyang in the Northern Wei Dynasty all followed the layout of the Eastern Han Dynasty, but they developed further.
Only Gong Bei was retained in the abandoned structural map of South and Bei Gong in Luoyang in the Northern Wei Dynasty, and the official and official axes arranged neatly on both sides were built in front of the palace. In the Tang Dynasty, Chang 'an built a north-south axis running through the imperial city and Guo Cheng, and a chessboard layout of streets, squares and cities appeared in the eastern and western regions, which was the result of the further development of the capital layout of the Eastern Han Dynasty.
During the Tang and Song Dynasties, the capital system changed greatly, that is, from closed to open. During this period, due to the rapid growth of the population in the capital, the supply and demand of residents' daily necessities are increasing day by day. At the same time, due to the development of social economy and the growth of joint organizations of merchants in various industries, many new lines or markets have appeared near the bridges along the river or inside and outside the city gates, and gradually formed a market centered on the new lines and markets. At the same time, in order to adapt to social interaction,
National market formation. Therefore, new markets and markets have replaced the old closed and centralized "markets".
With the disintegration of the old centralized "city" and the rise and development of the market, residential areas and commercial areas intersect and gradually become one. The traffic network of streets and lanes is gradually formed, and the alleys with many residents are no longer isolated from each other but directly connected with the streets. The smooth structure of streets and lanes replaces the old closed neighborhood structure.
In the process from closed to open, Zhou Shizong made great contributions after the Five Dynasties. In order to meet the needs of the times, he built outer cities four times larger than before in the suburbs of Miyagi and Zhoucheng, the capital of the Song Dynasty (now Kaifeng, Henan), allowing residents to build houses along the street, and occupying one tenth of the width of the street for planting trees, drilling wells and building trees. This is a new street system that adapts to the development of urban economy.
On the basis of this new plan, Tokyo developed in the Northern Song Dynasty, forming a triple city circle structure of Miyagi, inner city and outer city, and the traffic extending in all directions around Miyagi appeared. By the end of the Northern Song Dynasty, the bustling market scene described in Meng Yuan's Dream of Tokyo and Zhang Zeduan's Riverside Scene at Qingming Festival appeared in Tokyo, which was the result of major changes in the capital system.
This important change in the capital system in the Tang and Song Dynasties greatly improved the life of the capital residents. From diet and daily life to culture and entertainment, there has been further development.
In the Tang Dynasty, Chang 'an was just a "city" with operas and novels, and there were theaters performing songs and dances and hundreds of operas in the Great Temple Hall. By the Northern Song Dynasty, six entertainment places in Tokyo had become tiles, which were distributed on the main roads. In the Tang Dynasty, there was only one bookstore in Chang 'an market. In the Northern Song Dynasty, Tokyo not only had a good place to sell books in Suoguo Temple market, but also had many bookstores on Dongmen Street of Suoguo Temple. There is also a market for books, which is called "writing line".
At the same time, cooking as a skill has been greatly promoted. In the Northern Song Dynasty, there were not only various local restaurants in Tokyo, such as North Restaurant, South Restaurant and Sichuan Restaurant, but also various specialized restaurants, among which many famous restaurants sold famous dishes.
By the time of Lin 'an (now Hangzhou) in the Southern Song Dynasty, all aspects were further developed. Civil society organizations that pay attention to poetry, martial arts, skills and drama have sprung up in and out of the city, with as many as 23 watts. The creation and performance of folk literature and art have made great progress, and the number of bookstores publishing books has increased. The book market is called "study" or "literature study".
It can be seen that the development of the capital is closely related to the development of social politics, economy and culture at that time. To explore the development and evolution of the capital, we should first pay attention to the development and change of the layout of the city and the country, as well as the development and change of the houses and cities where residents live in the country.
As for the layout structure of the palace in the "city", it is still secondary.
Seven. Changes of Historical Capital Kyoto refers to the capital of China that unified the state or local government in history.
Also known as capital, capital, capital, capital. Kyoto is not only the political center of a dynasty, but also its economic and cultural center. So its setting should be relatively stable.
However, with the development of national politics and economy and the need of expanding the situation, Kyoto often moves from the old capital to a more suitable new capital. In the history of China, not only have many regimes experienced the gradual shift of Kyoto status in their own development, but on the whole, the status of Kyoto in past dynasties has also shown the shift mainly from east to west and then from north to south.
The relocation of Kyoto must also consider various geographical factors: ① Kyoto should be built in an economically developed and wealthy area to maintain the material needs of the ruling group; (2) Kyoto should be located in the central part of the country, or have convenient traffic conditions, so as to facilitate the implementation of government decrees and control internal and external affairs; (3) Kyoto should choose natural conditions where risks can be defended, so that it will not be destroyed by external forces and the country will have long-term stability. The location of the capital of any political power in history can not fully meet the above three conditions, and it can only choose a relatively favorable location according to the main contradictions at that time, so the choice of the capital often reflects the general situation of that period.
On the other hand, once the capital is determined, it will also have a certain impact on the political, military and economic development of the whole country. Beijing is the capital of People's Republic of China (PRC), one of the four municipalities directly under the Central Government of China, and the national political, cultural and international exchange center.
Beijing is located at the northern end of North China Plain, with Tianjin in the southeast and Hebei Province in the rest. As the second largest city in China, Beijing is also the general hub of land and air transportation and the most important domestic and international exchange center in China.
Beijing successfully hosted the 2008 Beijing Olympic Games. Beijing has a long history of more than 3,000 years and a capital history of more than 850 years. It is a famous historical and cultural city in the world and one of the four ancient capitals in China.
With a superior geographical position, it is an ideal place for China's national political center. As early as 700,000 years ago, the original community "Beijingers" appeared in Zhoukoudian, Beijing, and the earliest recorded name in Beijing was "thistle".
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1, keep good communication with children, and never use some extreme methods to restrain children from playing mobile phones. This wil