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A representative figure in the independent form stage of pedagogy
1, Chen Yuan: a famous educator, philosopher and cultural celebrity in modern China. His educational thought takes practicality as the core, advocates the concept of "integration of body and mind" and develops people's all-round quality.

2. Needham: A famous educator and historian of science in China, he emphasized that education should pay attention to inspiring thinking and cultivating innovative ability, and oppose mechanical rote learning.

3. Lv Zhihe: A famous educator and folklorist in China. He attaches great importance to the education of farmers and ethnic minorities, and advocates that education should conform to the culture and life reality of specific regions and groups.

4. Zhang Zhidong: an educator and politician in the late Qing Dynasty and the early Republic of China. He attaches importance to the effectiveness and modernization of education and advocates taking science, democracy and freedom as the educational goals.