Heuristic education, or heuristic teaching method, may not be so strange to everyone, especially in the category of western education. In terms of teaching methods, this point is particularly emphasized, and inspiration and understanding are emphasized, and spoon-feeding teaching and production line teaching are not encouraged.

However, how to realize heuristic education concretely? Let me give a simple example!

Most drivers have this experience. For an unfamiliar road, the person sitting next to you leads the way and tells you how to get there. Go straight, turn left, turn right? Finally reach the destination. Sometimes, even if people sit for several times, when driving alone, they still can't drive to their destination smoothly, and they still can't figure out the route! I have experienced a lot of this myself!

Why? Because, the veteran next to me told you, go straight, turn left and turn right? You follow the instructions of the veteran, which is very smooth; Traditionally, you don't need to use a lot of brains or think too much. No matter how complicated the route is, you can reach your destination easily. Hey! Next time I drive by myself, I'm still at a loss and I don't know the way at all. This is a metaphor of cramming teaching method.

There's another way. Of course, the instructor who leads the way will have to go to great lengths to use heuristic teaching methods. That will cost more energy and effort than cramming teaching method.

First, tell the students what our destination is, how far it is, how long it will take, and so on. This is the goal of each class, which is very important, so that we can understand the outline and theme to some extent.

Then the teacher said: there is a fork in the front, whether it is on the right or on the left. Look at the road signs or the surrounding environment yourself. Do you think it should be left or right? Can you drive slowly, not too fast? This is to let students think for themselves, judge for themselves, interact with teachers and interact with their surroundings. In fact, it doesn't matter whether the student's answer is right or wrong. When the teacher tells you that you say turn right, it's actually wrong. It should be left. You will be impressed. Remember next time? If your judgment is right, you will be very impressed?

If it is the second practice (review), the teacher may gently remind us what to do before we reach this intersection. Do you remember? What did you say?/Sorry? Tell the teacher what to do through the students themselves. No matter this time, you accidentally didn't remember it clearly or correctly. I'm sure you know the route like the back of your hand after judging again.

The above is the learning method through interaction, self-thinking and self-judgment. In fact, it is also some portrayal of heuristic teaching method. Heuristic teaching method is not an easy task. Teachers should be very familiar with the whole subject, but they can arouse students' thinking and guidance in some directions instead of giving answers immediately. So, what they learned from sketching is really their own? Otherwise, it is like giving instructions directly to the left or right before students think (indoctrination education). Then, students come to a conclusion without thinking for themselves and proper interaction. In fact, is this kind of education harmful to the next generation, burying the next generation and obliterating the next generation?

Heuristic teaching method, followed by it, is often an encouraging teaching method (encouraging free thinking), but there is no punitive teaching method (will kill students' free thinking? )

This paper only introduces a small part of the connotation of heuristic education through a simple example, of course, we can't generalize by partiality. For example, in many cases, there is no definite answer to the question itself (many different answers are allowed), so heuristic education is even more crucial for the cultivation of creative thinking? As time is short, I will stop here this time. Please correct me.

? Second, the heuristic content:

Teaching knowledge is not only for storage, but also for promoting students to master relevant basic theories, skills and methods, so as to acquire broader knowledge.

Encourage students to take the initiative to think, dare to explore and creatively treat problems in learning. The basic content and essence of heuristic teaching lies in this place.

(1), goal heuristic

A clear goal is the inducement to stimulate motivation and the standard to regulate behavior. Only in this way can students have a strong interest in conscious learning.

Teachers should make clear the training objectives, nature, tasks, basic contents and requirements of the professional courses; It is also necessary to clarify the requirements of each unit course, each teaching link and each class in the teaching process, and point out the key points, difficulties, doubts, keys and the degree to be mastered.

Only in this way can we open the door to knowledge and stimulate students' initiative and enthusiasm.

(2) arouse suspicion and attraction.

In the teaching process, teachers guide students to question and create situations intentionally, which is a "golden key" to open the door of students' hearts and motivate students to use their brains.

Zhu, a scholar in the Song Dynasty, said: "Those who learn without doubt should be taught with doubt, while those who have doubts must learn from it." (Zhu Edited "Learning Law") Doubt is the starting point of exploring knowledge.

The teacher's responsibility lies in:

(1), train students to become independent thinking and independent action.

2. Inspire students to "doubt in doubt".

This can broaden the thinking, inspire students to think more and think deeply, and cultivate students' ability to explore problems. It starts with the problem, arouses suspense, and intentionally lets students find the "destination" and "foothold" of the problem.

It can be applied to the focus of knowledge, the connection of knowledge and the development of students' thinking.

(3) Heuristic questioning

This method requires truly revealing the contradictions of things, forming the situation of problems, and arousing students to actively use their brains, think and learn, so as to achieve the effect of "drawing inferences from others".

How do teachers ask enlightening questions? This is a question worthy of serious discussion.

According to the different functions of questioning, it can be divided into:

(1), pointing out the knowledge regularity of the problem;

② Questions that arouse students' interest and curiosity;

(3), analytical or general questions;

④ Enlighten and guide students to ask questions.

Teachers should pay attention to the following questions when using heuristic questions:

First, the questions raised are somewhat difficult, slightly higher than the students' level, resulting in an "information gap".

This is the key to heuristics.

Zankov is right: If textbooks and teaching methods make students have no obstacles to overcome, then children's development will be powerless.

Second, grasp the main contradiction and ask questions on key issues, instead of asking everything in detail.

In order to improve the effect, it is suggested to ask questions from the following aspects: (1) to ask questions about the doubtful points in the textbook; The key content should be asked to make the finishing point; Implicit content to ask.

Thirdly, questioning should proceed from reality and be carefully designed and implemented according to the purpose and requirements of modern heuristic teaching.

Requirements:

Teachers should be lively and attractive, stimulate students' emotions, arouse emotional resonance, and ask some interesting questions at any time to arouse students' interest in learning.

Knowledge should be said to be "knowing what it is, but not knowing why", leaving room for students to think and developing their imagination and thinking ability.

It is necessary to express different views on the same issue. Teachers are not in a hurry to express their views, let students think and choose, and cultivate their spirit of seeking and discrimination.

It is necessary to put forward the solution-oriented content and encourage students to explore, create and invent. Ask questions before and after, let students analyze and compare, and cultivate dialectical thinking ability.

It is necessary to put forward thinking questions from the knowledge structure, require students to comprehensively analyze and grasp propositions, and cultivate the ability to see problems comprehensively.

We should make use of the psychological characteristics of students' strong curiosity and thirst for knowledge, set up "suspense" to trigger "cognitive" conflicts, encourage students to explore the mysteries of scientific knowledge, and cultivate good quality of studying problems.

According to the characteristics of students' competitive spirit, some difficult and in-depth topics should be put forward to stimulate their perseverance in scientific dangers and cultivate their learning perseverance and good will quality.

Inspire students to discover the philosophy of problems and the essence of things from simple examples and practical things, and cultivate students' critical, profound, understanding and generalization ability.

Give a typical example of a problem, let students associate it, and cultivate their skills of drawing inferences from others and comprehensive thinking ability.

It is necessary to ask questions from the development order of things and the internal logic of knowledge, guide students to study and think in an orderly manner, and cultivate students' logical reasoning ability and thinking order.

(4) Metaphorical heuristic method

Teachers should use concrete images and things familiar to students as metaphors to stimulate students' association, inspire students' thinking, make comparisons, simplify the complex, turn the difficult into the easy, and make students learn vividly and interestingly.

In China's ancient educational experience and methods, there are two sayings: "knowing metaphor" and "being good at metaphor". Confucius is one of the outstanding representatives in this field. There are many records in The Analects of Confucius that use metaphors to illustrate abstract truth.

Generally speaking, the more abstruse and abstract truth is, the more metaphor is needed. Teachers should carefully sort out and refine the figurative materials and pay attention to their popularity, scientificity and idealism.

(5), backchat heuristic

In teaching, when students give incomplete and incorrect answers to their own questions or teachers' questions, teachers sometimes ask supplementary questions instead of directly answering or correcting them, so that students can further use their brains under the guidance of rhetorical questions, consciously correct mistakes or deficiencies after independent thinking, and find out the correct answers. This method is called rhetorical syntax.

Teachers must be familiar with textbooks, understand students and grasp the contradiction between what students know and what they don't know. Rhetorical questions should have a clear and inevitable connection with this topic, and should not be too far away from the topic, so that students feel "boundless and confused."

(6), prompt heuristic

The basic feature of suggestive heuristic is that teachers highlight key points. It includes key type, basic type, example type, comparison type and experiment type.

No matter what kind of prompts, teachers clearly emphasize the essence of the problem or accurately show the outstanding characteristics of the problem, thus guiding students to think positively, inspiring students to think correctly and inspiring students at the same time.

(1), key tips

It is an enlightening method for teachers to point out the key words and conditions of understanding problems.

Reflect the concept, judgment and reasoning of anything, and there are keywords in its written expression. Grasping them will grasp the essence of the problem, and it is not difficult to guide students to understand and master knowledge.

② Foundation laying skills

It is an enlightening method for teachers to reiterate the old knowledge related to new knowledge or directly related to it, so that students can understand the new knowledge and lay a good foundation.

It is what we often say: review the past and learn the new.

③ Explanatory tips

It is an enlightening method to prompt teachers to understand complex abstract problems with popular and intuitive examples. This is what we usually call illustration.

This kind of example is sometimes used to illustrate a certain truth, and sometimes it is used to illustrate something vividly.

④ comparison tips

It is an enlightening method for teachers to compare several similar or similar knowledge points and guide students to pay attention to their differences and connections.

In the knowledge system of each subject, because the relationship between knowledge points is very complicated, it can help students see the differences and connections of several knowledge points clearly, which is very important for students to accurately grasp and understand knowledge points.

⑤. Experimental tips

It is an enlightening method for teachers to show the outstanding characteristics of things through demonstration experiments and guide students to deepen their understanding of knowledge.

(7), nudge dredge type

It is a means to adjust students' attention, correct careless understanding and cultivate good study habits in teaching.

If you find that some students are not paying attention, just say "some students are not in the classroom now" as a hint.

Finding some students careless in their studies, they said, "Is your calculation right?" If you find that some students are sad, you should give necessary guidance to help them overcome the superficiality and isolation of looking at problems, eliminate the interference of stereotypes, and cultivate reverse thinking and multi-angle thinking.

(8), situational heuristic

(1), the combination of interests.

In teaching, use appropriate gestures and actions to convey feelings, and use gestures to help students speak. You can also bring students into the atmosphere corresponding to the content of the textbook through moral or stories, so as to visualize teaching, stimulate students' interest in learning, arouse emotional resonance and stimulate students' thinking.

2. the combination of family ties.

Teaching should advocate "feeling in the heart, understanding in the heart". For example, in teaching, teachers let students retell the text in their own words, and then let them make up stories to retell it, and the effect is also very good.

③ Language inspiration.

Teachers' language, especially the language intonation of liberal arts teachers, requires cadence and vivid reading, which is an important condition for students to be influenced and infected by the situation.

Teachers must have vivid language, full of emotion and interest.

Psychological research proves that:

The interest of the question appears at the beginning of the textbook rather than at the back. Because it appears at the beginning of teaching, it can arouse students' activity for a long time or even the whole class, improve the learning quality of the whole class and help improve students' cognitive ability.

4. Environmental inspiration.

The environmental design and layout of teaching methods is an important research topic of heuristic teaching. Students often learn about the world around them through their eyes, ears, nose, tongue and body. The language they are exposed to is meaningful only when the experience resonates in the brain, and can be remembered and understood.

Therefore, the younger the age, the lower the grade, the more emphasis should be placed on combining knowledge with students' personal experience, so that they can see it with their own eyes, touch it with their own hands and draw conclusions by themselves.

Do:

According to the purpose of teaching and the requirements of teaching methods, do a good job in the layout of teaching environment such as classrooms, and pay special attention to aesthetic principles.

According to the content of teaching materials, make various visual materials, specimens, photos, objects, etc. Meet the requirements of teaching methods; Write on the blackboard, draw pictures, charts, etc. It should be inspiring.

(9) Demonstration of Heuristics

Demonstration heuristic is basically an inspiring way to inspire students to master a certain skill through teachers' standardized demonstration. Including latent, problem-solving, operational, oral, role model and other forms.

Either way, teachers show students their standardized process of analyzing and solving problems, and guide students to learn to analyze and solve problems. The essence of demonstration heuristic is to show students the process of standardization.

(1), potential demonstration is the way teachers think about knowledge and explain the truth, which has a subtle influence on students.

The associative way of teachers telling knowledge, the inductive way of theoretical exposition, and the choice way of connecting with reality. , will inspire students to demonstrate.

(2) Problem-solving demonstration is a standardized demonstration of teachers' intentional and clear examination and answering questions.

In the teaching process, in order to cultivate students' ability to analyze and solve problems, teachers often show students their standardized process of analyzing and solving problems by examples, and sometimes even point out the specific methods of each step in a decomposed way, providing students with clear imitators.

On this basis, letting students "copy" will inspire students to gradually improve their ability to analyze and solve problems.

(3) Operation demonstration is an accurate and standardized hands-on demonstration conducted by teachers intentionally.

In order to cultivate students' practical operation skills, teachers often show students their own standardized operation and action process, and even repeatedly show the specific practices of each link, providing students with clear imitation objects, and students can gradually learn operation skills according to practice.

(10), analogy heuristic

Teachers should make good use of students' life experience and perceptual knowledge, break through the difficulties of teaching materials and stimulate their relevant associations. Through generalized activities, we can draw inferences from others.

Using this method in teaching requires teachers to guide students to use old knowledge and existing experience, explore new knowledge and unknown things, and combine basic knowledge and skills with creative thinking activities.

It is necessary to start from the reality of students' existing life experience and perceptual knowledge to achieve the effect of developing intelligence and ability.

(1 1), contrast heuristic

In teaching, guide students to compare things or knowledge that are easy to be confused with each other, and to inspire students to deepen their understanding through comparative analysis and actively think about acquiring knowledge.

Lu Xun said: "Comparison is a good medicine for being deceived." To correctly understand objective things, people must be good at analysis and comparison.

Therefore, teaching, questioning and comparative demonstration are important means to inspire teaching.

(12), an intuitive graphic type.

(1), the system diagram is to connect knowledge points, and draw the relationship between several knowledge points according to their internal relations.

This kind of chart can guide students to form an overall understanding of what they have learned.

(2) Reasoning diagram is the process of connecting related knowledge points in a directional way to complete the reasoning of a certain point of view.

The guidance of this graphic reasoning is very clear and intuitive, and the causal relationship can be flexibly arranged according to the students' understanding ability, which can be both coarse and fine. The complicated truth can be simplified, popularized and clarified, which is easy to guide students to understand deeply.

(3) Showcase diagram is a diverse and widely used diagram that reveals the internal composition of things, reflects the contents of theorems or viewpoints, shows the mutual restriction of some knowledge points, and explains the meaning of questions.

(13), talk and practical guidance

It refers to the overall thinking orientation of teachers in the process of teaching practice, which runs through the whole teaching process. Mainly reflected in the important link of teaching.

Its performance is that teachers are persuasive, step by step, and students find, analyze, synthesize and digest themselves to draw conclusions.

(14), discuss the heuristic method.

In the teaching process, teachers and students should grasp the key issues, study and discuss together, and guide students to ask questions, express their opinions and draw conclusions together.

(15), exploring the road.

Refers to the heuristic guidance used by teachers in the inquiry class.

In the process of inquiry, the "director" leads the way at key points, gives full play to the main role of the "actor", and "rehearses the performance" by brainstorming, so that classroom teaching presents colorful democratic colors and students are in their proper places.

(16) Hypothetical inspiration

Hypothetical inspiration is to use fictional examples to explain that a certain point of view is wrong, thus inspiring students to understand and accept the correct point of view.

In the teaching process, if students agree with a wrong view, teachers should not stop it rigidly, but should use hypothetical inspiration, that is, the demonstration steps of reducing to absurdity.

Generally speaking, it is assumed that the wrong viewpoint is correct first, and then it is inferred according to the relevant conditions of the wrong viewpoint, resulting in contradictory or absurd conclusions, thus denying the wrong viewpoint and affirming the correct viewpoint.

(17), self-guided.

Teachers study teaching methods and conduct self-study thinking guidance in self-study remedial classes.

"Autonomous learning ability is a three-dimensional category with different levels. It is not a general ability, but a special ability. "

This requires us to choose how to distinguish between primary and secondary textbooks, how to deal with confusing knowledge, how to examine questions, how to determine the steps of solving problems, how to demonstrate, check and calculate, how to optimize self-study time, how to improve memory and how to use IQ, and how to guide them at any time in class.

(18), language action

It means that teachers use appropriate expressions, movements and artistic language in time to achieve the potential inspiration and guidance of "understanding", "vivid expression" and "empathy", so that students can master knowledge realistically and be infected in their thoughts and feelings.

To sum up, we can see that there are various forms of heuristic teaching, which can be used alone or in combination. No matter which form is used, we should proceed from reality and analyze specific problems, and we can't engage in formality.

If we can master and skillfully use the conventional heuristic teaching form, and constantly sum up and improve it in practice, classroom teaching will certainly produce irresistible attraction and magical attraction, which will become the driving force of students' thirst for knowledge.