In "Teaching and Reading Liu", it is mentioned that "children are generally willing to swim and afraid of staying, such as the beginning of vegetation, easy to reach, weak to destroy. Teaching boys today will make them tend to be inspired and happy, so they can't get in. [4] "He believes that it is children's nature to like games. When educating them, we should proceed from their interests, and we should not imprison and stifle their nature, just as flowers and trees have just sprouted. To adapt to their development and destroy them will be counterproductive. Therefore, according to children's temperament and development characteristics, he proposed educational content suitable for children's development to cultivate children's thoughts and temperament.
(A) "Poetry"
He believes that "the poet who seduced the song not only expressed his will, but also expressed his number of jumps, screaming at the song and declaring that he was bound by syllables." Teaching by singing and reciting poems can not only stimulate their wishes, but also eliminate their playfulness and give them a chance to vent their redundant energy. It can also eliminate children's inner worries, make children cheerful and lively, and express their emotions moderately. The Song Poetry written by Wang Shouren is an educational activity with strict requirements. "Every song and poem needs plastic surgery, and the voice is clear. Judging from the tone. Not rashness and urgency, but vacillation and arrogance Long is cheerful, long is peaceful. " From appearance to spirit, there are requirements here. On the one hand, we should "examine and adjust", on the other hand, we should "have peace of mind". We should study songs and poems carefully, without impatience, debauchery or timidity, and understand their contents and feelings according to their rhythm. "After a long time, my spirit is smooth and my heart is peaceful." Songs and poems have melody and rhythm. Children like to learn and participate, and they can enjoy beauty.
Music education plays a unique role in developing potential, cultivating creativity, perfecting personality and beautifying life. This thought was sublimated into "the prosperity of poetry, the ceremony of ceremony and the joy of music" in The Analects of Confucius.
The completion of "music" becomes the last stage of education. At this time, the trainees have been cultivated and cultivated not only in their inner cultivation and emotional image, but also in their behavior cultivation and interpersonal communication, thus forming a perfect personality. Wang Shouren is proficient in Confucianism, which is also the inspiration of Confucianism to Wang Shouren's teaching content.
(2) "Reading"
He thinks "satirize readers. Not only is the brain wide open, but it is also kept in the dark, and it can be ironically recited to declare its ambitions. Through reading, children's intelligence can be developed, their knowledge can be increased, and they can also "deliberately declare their ambitions", which will help children form certain moral concepts and ideals. Reading is roughly equivalent to our children's reading teaching today, but the ancients mainly used irony (reciting) to explain, and used euphemistic language to hint, advise or criticize when explaining the text, with the aim of "guiding the will", "conditioning the temperament" and exerting irony.
[6] Children's early reading can not be ignored, and children can find a lot of new knowledge from reading.
(3) "politeness"
He believes that "those who guide etiquette should not only restrain their dignity, but also shake their veins with concessions and bow their heads to restrain their bones and muscles", and educate children by learning etiquette, so that they can develop certain etiquette habits and "shake their veins" while learning etiquette movements, thus achieving the purpose of exercising. "lixi" is also a very organized activity with clear objectives. "Every ceremony must be kind-hearted, be careful of its ceremony, and Rong Zhi. Don't be lazy, don't be depressed, don't be wild, take it easy and slow, practice without losing your restraint, and be Xi Zhi and Degu for a long time [7]. "
. Ceremony is a code of conduct that originates from the nature of human nature and meets the needs of life. Wang Shouren was deeply influenced by Confucianism. Starting from the feudal etiquette of the Ming Dynasty, he cultivated children's manners and manners, developed children's sociality and enhanced children's social communication ability.
China has been a country of etiquette since ancient times. In a highly developed contemporary society, being polite and courteous is the principle of dealing with people. The cultivation of politeness is a gradual process, so we should pay attention to the cultivation of children's manners and etiquette, that is, correct attitude, pay attention to etiquette, cultivate calm and elegant manners and habits, and lay a good foundation for entering the society in the future.
(4) "Kao De"
Wang Shouren thinks that there should be a course of taking an examination of morality, and clearly stipulates in the "Teaching Covenant" that "every morning, all students attend classes, teach to read second-hand, and ask all the students at home, so the experience of loving relatives and respecting the elderly is endless, which is not true; The instrument of temperature saving is not lacking and not practiced; Walking through the streets, etiquette is not debauchery, and it cannot be decorated; The four major problems, that is, all words and deeds are deceptive, not faithful and respectful [8], are roughly the contents of "testing morality", from the practice of "respecting parents and elders" to the performance of "marching in the streets" and then to "all words and deeds". It can be seen that Mr. Yangming attaches great importance to the cultivation and education of daily behavior norms.
Moral education practice provides us with vivid, interesting and effective examples. His practical experience on children's moral education is of universal significance, which is a good inspiration for us to overcome the disadvantages of emphasizing preaching, indoctrination, adulthood and sameness in today's moral education.
Second, the enlightenment of Wang Shouren's educational methods to modern education.
Wang Shouren attaches great importance to children's education. He criticized the prevailing educational methods of "supervision", "responsibility" and "punishment" at that time, and thought that this educational method stifled children's nature, which he hated deeply. Therefore, he advocates the use of teaching methods that are in line with children's temperament, so that children are "inclined to inspire" and "central joy", so that their learning can be improved in education and the purpose of education can be achieved.
(A) the use of a variety of teaching methods
1. Teaching methods of inducing irony
Confucius was a great educator, thinker, politician and founder of Confucianism in ancient China. According to legend, there are more than 3,000 disciples around him, and many well-read students have been trained. Through years of teaching practice, he summed up and accumulated rich educational and teaching theories. Among them, the heuristic education method has a far-reaching impact on children's education. Wang Shouren is proficient in Confucianism. His educational method of "inducing, guiding and satirizing" is a reference, summary and perfection of Confucius' educational method. The teaching content of songs, poems, rites and reading with the educational method of "induction, guidance and satire" not only enriches the teaching methods, but also enables children not to be bored when accepting knowledge, to be willing to learn and to get twice the result with half the effort.
2. The form of collective teaching and competition
"Every year, young children are divided into four classes. Take turns to have a song and poem class every day, and the rest sit down and listen. There are always four classes that send songs to our school every five days. Every night, every community gathers songs in the academy. " We can say that there are "songs and poems" in the library every day. For half a month, everyone will take part in collective singing and poetry activities with the nature of performance. Children are most willing to participate in group activities, and they can learn from each other and promote each other. "Boys' shifts are like songs and poems. There is a ceremony every day, and the rest are harmonious. On the day of practicing etiquette, imitation is exempted from class. Every ten days, there are always four classes to learn from this school, and every new moon gathers all societies to learn from the academy [9] ". Through collective performance, they observe each other, compete with each other, and cultivate their self-cultivation in cheerful activities.
(2) Is teaching "the most important thing"?
In today's kindergarten education, there is a phenomenon of kindergarten primary school, and kindergarten children begin to do their homework. Excessive schoolwork burden makes children feel disgusted, and too much learning content makes it difficult for children to master, which leads to the loss of some self-confidence, resulting in weariness of learning. As early as more than 400 years ago, Wang Shouren put forward that "learning from others should be within the scope of others" and teaching should be within the reach of children. He compared planting trees to "if a tree has these buds, only irrigate water, and then add water when the buds grow longer, and the irrigation work of white arches and even overlapping arms is within the limits." If there is a bucket of water in the bud, water it as much as possible and it will be soaked. " Teaching children to plant trees, water is just like knowledge. Only the right amount of water can be given according to children's ability to accept knowledge, otherwise it will bring too much pressure to children and stifle their interest in learning. Therefore, when guiding children to read, he pointed out that "there are not many books, but you are good at it; Teaching students in accordance with their aptitude, those who can write 200 words can only win 100 words, which often gives them more brain power, so they are not bored. Complacency is a beauty. " In other words, books should be done according to one's ability, and the content of professors should be within the acceptable range of children. [10] Children's brains should also have a certain thinking space, so that they will regard learning as a happy thing in the city, have a sense of accomplishment after receiving instructions, enhance their self-confidence, and thus make their interest in learning stronger.
(C) pay attention to the arrangement of the course order
Wang Shouren stipulated in "Teaching Covenant" that "study hard first, recite books twice every day, practice rituals or imitation classes twice, recite books twice, speak books twice and sing poems twice [1 1]". This course has five classes. After reciting the book release ceremony in the morning, students can be refreshed and stretched after fatigue. In the afternoon, after reading the book, the day's class ended in melodious singing, but the students learned tirelessly. Judging from the smooth arrangement of teaching content, Wang Shouren strives to strike a balance between students' interest and academic burden, and it is scientific to combine static and dynamic, and to intersect body and brain. We should also pay attention to this point in the arrangement of teaching content in contemporary kindergartens, so as to arrange kindergarten courses reasonably and scientifically. This teaching method is worth learning from modern educators.
Wang Shouren's educational thought in line with children's characteristics is of great progressive significance. Starting from the laws and characteristics of children's development, developing a variety of educational and teaching contents still has its guidance and reference value for today's teaching practice, which is worthy of our deep thinking and research. We should take its essence and discard its dross, so that its thoughts on children's education can be used in our modern preschool education.