1, the formation process (1) Solon's reform in 594 BC laid the democratic foundation of Athens. (2) The Christian reform in 509 BC finally established a democratic regime in Athens (pay attention to one of the measures in the reform-the exile law of pottery tablets). (3) Perikles perfected the democracy in Athens and reached the "golden age".
2. Characteristic people's sovereignty and rule by turns (pay attention to the concrete embodiment of this characteristic-through the three major institutions of the city-state: the citizens' assembly, the 500-member parliament and the people's court).
3. Significance and Limitation (1) Significance: 1 provided a new form of collective management and democratic operation for mankind, and accumulated valuable experience for the development of democratic politics in later generations; ② It aroused the enthusiasm of the Athenians and promoted their political, economic and cultural development. (2) Limitations: ① Athenian democracy is different from modern democracy. It only targets citizens, not citizens who cannot enjoy democratic rights. (2) Athenian democracy is only the democracy of adult male citizens. ③ Restrict the self-development ability of another part of society.
Second, the political system and laws of ancient Rome
1, the development of Roman law (1) origin: early customary law: it has great flexibility and uncertainty, which harms the interests of civilians. (2) The birth of written law-Twelve Copper Tables Method: ① Content: It includes civil law, criminal law and litigation procedure, and is a compilation of customary laws in the past. ② Purpose: To safeguard private property and aristocratic vested interests. (3) Function: the content is extensive and the provisions are clear, which makes the trial and sentencing have laws to follow; To a certain extent, it restricted the privileges of nobles and protected the interests of civilians, marking the birth of Roman written law. (3) Perfection-Justinian Code (or Justinian Civil Law Complete Book) consists of Justinian Code, Justinian Law General, Justinian Theory Compilation and Justinian New Book. 2. The influence of Roman law from "Twelve Copper Tables Act" to "Justinian Code" marked the development of Roman law to a complete stage. Roman law is an ancient law with the richest content, the most perfect system and the widest influence on later generations in the history of the world, and it has become an effective tool to maintain the rule of the Roman Empire. It laid the foundation of modern European legal system and was also a model of legislation in modern Asian countries. (2) The ancient economic history mainly studied the development of new sea routes and colonial plunder. (3) Ancient culture is mainly about "wise men moving far away". We need to know the main representatives of remote control and their main ideas. Third, the origin of western humanism
1. The Wise School and protagoras
(1) The school of the wise: taking mankind and human society as the exploration theme; Emphasize human value and dignity, and deny God's will. Advocate skepticism, oppose superstition and emphasize freedom.
② protagoras: the representative of the school of the wise.
1 advocates that' people are the measure of everything' and people's feelings are the standard for judging everything.
② Positive significance: denying God's will and establishing human dignity and authority; It played a positive role in the ideological enlightenment and liberation of the Athenian people.
③ Limitation: Overemphasizing people's subjective feelings and ignoring the value and function of morality.
(3) It is called "sophistry" by other schools.
2. The thoughts of Socrates and others
(1) Socrates:
(1) ideological proposition: emphasize the role of knowledge and think that "virtue is knowledge" (that is, knowledge and virtue are one); Goodness is the inner soul of human beings; Education is equally important to virtue. Advocate self-discovery and know yourself.
Significance: the study of human beings has promoted the awakening of human spirit; It makes philosophy truly become the study of human beings and creates a new direction of Greek philosophy.
(2) Plato: The focus is on human society and utopia.
(3) Aristotle: paying attention to nature and human society, emphasizing that human beings are the most advanced in the whole nature; Established a strict' logical' demonstration system.
2. Modern World History: It is necessary to know the beginning of modern world history (/kloc-representative system in the 5th century). Politics, economy and culture in the modern world are also combined with each other. Britain first established a constitutional monarchy, and economy, politics and culture complemented each other. Renaissance, Reformation, Enlightenment; Humanism and rational ideological emancipation have liberated people's minds; It provides an ideological weapon for the development of capitalism (culture, and we need to understand the background of this culture). New sea route opening and colonial expansion (understand the political and cultural background of this development. ) world market, industrial revolution (understand the social background and significance of this revolution). Industrialization and urbanization. They are all carried out under the "protection" of the capitalist system, which provides a strong institutional guarantee for the development of the capitalist economy. While understanding the establishment and development of democratic representative system, we should also understand that the development of capitalist economy has formed social inequality and polarization between the rich and the poor. Class contradictions, sharp social contradictions and serious social problems. (The first industrial revolution was completed in Britain in the forties and fifties of19th century, and then Britain launched the Opium War against China for its own benefit. With the development of capitalism, the working class in the world has also grown, thus establishing the World Workers' Organization. World history needs to remember the world axis, and it still reflects economy and culture through politics. World history also includes China. Using the combination method to record the time axis, we should combine the history of China at the same time and look at it from the perspective of world history. In particular, the formation of the modern world market must combine China with the world.