1. About Su Wu, Tao Qian and Lu You:

The wind and frost of the years will not fade away the beautiful memories, and the vicissitudes of history cannot last forever.

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one

In late autumn, the vast North Sea, the bleak north wind, vegetation withered; Lonely and desolate. An old man with gray hair and a flock of skinny sheep haunt here day and night. He waved a sheep whip, and his ears seemed to haunt the songs of his hometown; Holding a continuous knot, it seems that the elders of the old country emerge in front of us. Nineteen years later, the whip has changed several times and the knot has completely fallen off. However, that sincere heart will never fade! Once, he committed suicide because Han made the rebellion fail; Once, he was imprisoned in the cellar, eating ice and snow, swallowing felt wool and dying of hunger and cold; Once upon a time, he was arrogant about wine and food, and his official position was generous. He struck an eternal swan song with an iron clank-"wealth can't be lewd, poverty can't be moved, and power can't be bent", which made the wind and cloud drift and the strong man burst into tears. So, when he raised his wrinkled face, the wild geese who had returned to the south in disappointment disappeared into the horizon, with tears of infinite attachment in their eyes, and his barren back and skinny sheep were fixed into a tragic landscape.

Ah, you, Su Wu, a magnificent epic, forever engraved on the vast land, immortal!

two

In the morning light, the autumn wind is hunting, the river is surging and the boat is teetering. He stood at the bow, as light as a swallow, and his black robe was swaying. "Come back, the countryside will be destroyed by Hu Bugui!" He clapped his hands and sang softly. "No longer regard the heart as a form of service, so that you will be independent and walk alone!" His face is full of joy. The past was unbearable, and he deeply regretted it. "Don't remonstrate with the past" —— After pengze county took office for 83 days, he endured watching the mice lead a drunken life, and the moths threw themselves into the fire, and understood the darkness of officialdom. "falling into the dust net by mistake, thirty years!" He couldn't help secretly cursing, and even more fiercely saved himself: "Those who know the truth can be traced"-he resigned angrily, retired from the world, and no longer let the honest human nature be distorted ... He pulled back his thoughts and looked up, and the world with green mountains, green waters and white clouds was the "Peach Blossom Garden" that he longed for for for for a long time. So he took a detour and walked back to Sangyuan. From then on, he "doesn't care about poverty, doesn't care about wealth", relaxes his mind and enjoys the indifferent peace; "In the morning, I will treat the waste and take the lotus home", sweating like rain and tasting the fragrance of harvest; "Picking chrysanthemums under the east fence, leisurely seeing Nanshan", giving up fame and fortune, quietly elegant and quiet holy land.

Ah, you, Tao Qian, a shining lighthouse, forever shining in the vast sea of dust, forever!

three

In the antique room, a dim oil lamp is swaying; An old bed, struggling in a dying life. It was an old and determined face, with high cheekbones and hard as a rock; The unkempt sideburns in the ear are as white as frost and snow, still revealing awe-inspiring breath; A pair of deep-set eyes under his forehead stubbornly reflected two sad and firm lights. He is dying, but he is not satisfied. His son knelt in front of the couch with tears on his face and silently saw him off. There seems to be a hurricane in his heart, and his lips are moving, but he doesn't know-is he remembering the fierce battle of the night snow, iron horse and autumn wind, or is he missing the suffering adherents who are crying and looking south at Julian Waghann? Are you venting your resentment that you have no intention of being jealous, or are you lamenting your helpless life in Tianshan and Old Cangzhou? ..... Suddenly, he suddenly opened his eyes and tried his best to squeeze out a will through his teeth: "I didn't know everything was empty until I died, but I was sad to see Kyushu, and Julian Waghann decided that the Central Plains was in the north. I didn't forget to tell you about my family's sacrifice! " Then he left with a sigh, saddled with sorrow, leaving an unyielding banner of faith that will fly in the hearts of future generations forever.

Ah, you, Lu You, a magnificent song with high melody, will be sung forever in the vast world and will never be erased!

"Nobleness is the epitaph of noble people." Kitajima said. Stick to the pure land in your heart and you will be as beautiful as summer flowers.

[opinion]

Throughout history, the author chooses typical figures to interpret the topic of "persistence", which has a broad vision and rich connotation. Su Wu's The Shepherd, Tao Qian's Resignation and Lu You's Son are painted into three wonderful pictures, which express the profound theme of "sticking to the pure land of one's soul will be as gorgeous as summer flowers" from the perspectives of moral integrity, humanity and faith, and conceive new ingenuity. In addition, the structure of the article is rigorous, the language is concise and vivid, and the literary talent is flying.

It's hard to think about the choice between life and death.

-Seeing Sima Qian's View of Life and Death from Bao Renshu 'an.

Cai Jiujie

It can be said that from the beginning of human consciousness, we know that there must be death in life. In this sense, death is the most primitive fear of human beings and the ultimate direction of all fears. Life is only once, so the fear of death has become human instinct and nature. Interestingly, it is on the premise of knowing death that human beings, with extreme fear of death, strongly pursue eternal life and make unremitting efforts for it, which has never stopped since ancient times. Because reason knows that eternal life is impossible, it gives birth to the idea of eternal life. The ancients had three immortal classic standards, namely, being too virtuous, making statements and making contributions. And I am confident that as long as one of these three principles is achieved, we can live in people's hearts forever. This valuation may not be far from the truth. Because of this clear standard, people with lofty ideals and gifted scholars throughout the ages have made great efforts to achieve the goal of immortality.

But on the way to life and death, it is not because of the introduction of immortal thought that everything will be fine. Because unpredictable fate will never let people run their immortal career step by step and properly. Thus, due to the sudden arrival of fate, history constantly provides a picture of life and death choices. Because all living things have the instinct to avoid death and survive, the difference between people and other living things is that people can choose death on their own initiative for a noble purpose, against their own instinct. As Mencius once said: life is what I want; Righteousness, what I want; You can't have it both ways. You must sacrifice your life for justice. Just like insisting on the belief that a person can be killed but not humiliated, a person can live a breath. Therefore, once people choose to die when they can live, they will always show a vigorous and earth-shattering momentum that will reverberate through the ages.

When eternal life is irreconcilable with the basic belief of being a man, to be or not to be, Hamlet's confusing multiple-choice question is often placed in front of people. Because of the concept of eternal life, this problem cannot be simply defined by bravery or cowardice, whether it is to choose life or death. Fighting to the death can best show his heroic nature. He usually chooses death, which will certainly be regarded as a sign of courage. But whether you are a hero or not cannot be generalized. Therefore, when the question of life and death was put before Sima Qian, he resolutely chose life with greater courage than death after endless consideration, and finally put forward the view of life and death that "people are inherently mortal, and death is heavier than Mount Tai or lighter than a feather". This idea may help future generations to solve this difficult problem.

Sima Qian's view of life and death is a further explanation of immortal thought. The idea of eternal life itself contains the primitive fear of death. According to the author, the initial expression of this fear came from Confucius. Sima Qian recorded in Confucius Family that Confucius said, "A gentleman is ill and nameless." However, it is not easy to leave a name for future generations. For example, Biography of Boyi records that Boyi and Shu Qi went to the countryside together because they gave up the throne to each other. He died, too, because he opposed Zhou Wuwang's fighting violence with violence and refused to eat Zhou Su. Sima Qian pointed out that if Confucius did not record their behavior, they would be forgotten like many people with the same feelings. So Sima Qian quoted Confucius again at the end of his biography: "A gentleman is ill and nameless."

Sima Qian's talent is high, and the pursuit of immortality is the dream of himself and his family. But he must have been intimidated by the fear of not being immortal. Originally, Sima Qian, as a small official in the imperial court, did not have the opportunity to make contributions and did not have the support of sages like Confucius. It should be quite difficult to achieve immortality. But the chance to live forever still appeared in front of Sima's family. This opportunity is that they are in an unprecedented era of peace, they can easily consult a large number of documents and materials, and they have the conditions to continue their writing career since Confucius. Starting from Sima Tan, Sima Qian's father, he began to do a lot of basic work to create the family's immortal career. Unfortunately, every day is a festival, so Sima Tan had to entrust Sima Qian with the baton that made the family immortal in the way of dying. In a sense, a person's life is not just his own. In Sima Qian's time, this kind of life still belonged to parents, families and clans. It was with the great trust of his family and ancestors that Sima Qian began his pursuit of immortality. When Sima Qian's book "When studying heaven and man, we can learn from the changes of ancient and modern times and become a family statement" was carried out in the seventh year, the Liling incident occurred. Sima Qian also put his immortal career in danger of death because he pleaded for Li Ling.

In the eyes of future generations, Sima Qian's defense of Li Ling is a stain on his life. But under the circumstances at that time, this kind of thing was allowed to happen. In any case, surrender is not a glorious thing, but in order to publicize the value of life and make greater achievements to achieve immortality, under certain circumstances, similar humiliation is acceptable, just as earlier sages did. At that time, it was not far from ancient times, and the influence of ancient heritage should not be underestimated. In the above sense, Li Ling's surrender is nothing out of line. After all, the reunification of the country has not been long, the concept of the Han nationality has not yet formed, and the iron law of loyalty to the national justice has not yet formed; After all, sacrificing one's life for one's country and publicizing one's life value are both respected. At the beginning of the founding of the people's Republic of China, Han recognized those who lost because of the situation. For example, Han Wangxin and Tang Yang Hou Sun Chi surrendered to Xiang Yu because of defeat, and then rejoined the Hanying camp and continued to be reused. Zhao Ponu in Sima Qian's time was captured by Huns for ten years, and he had never heard of losing his title. This incident is recorded in the Biography of General Wei's title of generals in ancient times. Therefore, it is unclear whether Li Ling surrendered himself when Sima Qian was sentenced. Even if it is solved, it is common for the two countries to surrender and rebel. At least in Sima Qian's time, it was not the official name used to convict. At least Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty didn't convict Sima Qian with this name. When Sima Qian interceded for Li Ling, he probably mentioned the connection between the defeat of Li Ling and the defeat of Li Guangli, the superior general of the Second Division, because the latter lost three-fifths of his troops at the same time. Li Guangli was highly valued for his nepotism with Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty. Therefore, Emperor Wu of the Han Dynasty gave Sima Qian the name of conviction, in order to combat the emperor's improper employment, resulting in the downfall of Li Ling.

In fact, Sima Qian's intercession for Li Ling is itself a very courageous performance. He doesn't like the ugly scene of the defeat of Liling in the Qing Dynasty and the rise of officials. Because when the Liling good news came earlier, the same people sang the hymn. At the same time, based on his understanding of Li Ling, he believes that the fall of Li Ling is only for serving the country more in the future. Therefore, he stood up and spoke for Li Ling. Because he stood on the opposite side of Manchu civil and military officials and the highest authorities, he was doomed to pay for his courage. Defaming the emperor is the crime of beheading. So from the moment Sima Qian spoke for Li Ling, he basically declared the end of his immortal career. He can't afford this price. At this moment, the multiple-choice question of life or death was placed in front of Sima Qian. And this so-called life is based on the premise that life is worse than death. Sima Qian made it very clear in "Bao Ren An" that castration is the most unbearable of the ten insults that people may encounter. In this case, even ordinary slaves who cherish their lives will use their lives to avoid humiliation. It may be difficult for our descendants to understand why castration is so unbearable. At that time and for a long time before and after, once it was involved in castration, it entered a state of perdition, and not only itself, but also its ancestors and descendants would be ashamed of it. Therefore, Sima Qian lamented bitterly: "There are countless people who have escaped punishment. They have never been far away ... and they have been ashamed of it since ancient times." That is, people who lose a lot of money lose their respected qualifications. After this creation, it is very likely that his people and books will not be regarded as sacred objects by future generations, and whether the so-called immortal cause can be recognized by future generations has become a big problem. Since Sima Qian dared to excuse Li Ling, he should put his life and death at risk. According to the hero's behavior track that he has always admired, he said what he should say and did what he should do, so he was punished, and he was also benevolent and had no regrets. Therefore, when this so-called chance of survival appeared in front of him, it was the proper meaning to give up one's life and forget one's death. Sima Qian's death had a good reason. His parents died before him, and he had no brothers. He doesn't pay much attention to his family, so the price of choosing to live is too high. The only thing I can't give up is that I lost the opportunity to make my family immortal and failed to fulfill my father's dying entrustment.

Life or death. Even after 2000, we can feel Sima Qian's pain on this issue through Bao Ren An Shu. Life means physical pain, tearing of personality and suffocation of soul; Death, of course, has been solved, but if the charges are improper and the status is not prominent, it will be considered as culpable of punishment, not to mention the opportunity of immortality that the family has only appeared for hundreds of years will be lost forever. Who can tell which of the two evils is heavier? Even Sima Qian himself was not entirely sure of his choice. Therefore, in Baoren Shu 'anli, this multiple-choice question is put down, put down and put back. It is hard to say, but it must be thoroughly explained. After reading it for thousands of years, we can still feel that life and death issues such as life or death and whether it is worth living are tormenting Sima Qian's devastated heart all the time. The entanglement of life and death can still feel Sima Qian's endless oppression from all directions, which is beyond reproach. Accordingly, we can be sure that even after making this choice, Sima Qian has been squeezed by life or death for the rest of his life, lingering. The great contrast between the extreme ambition of pursuing immortality and super humiliation made Sima Qian suffer greatly. It was in this state of mind and body that Sima Qian finally completed the immortal Taishi Gongshu in ten years. Without extremely tenacious perseverance, great personality strength, superhuman courage and unparalleled talent, it is unimaginable. Of course, Sima Qian came into contact with the deeds of the former sages in the process of writing, which gave his immortal career a spiritual pillar: "To make Wu Zixu die of luxury is like an ant. Abandoning filial piety is a great shame, and its name will be hanged for future generations. " (Biography of Wu Zixu) "Knowing death is brave. It is difficult for the dead, and it is difficult for the dead. " (Biography of Lian Po and Lin Xiangru) "Knowing everything, the ancients were only ashamed." ("Unfortunate Feeling")

Fortunately for our descendants, Sima Qian finally made a choice. Fortunately, he made the right choice. After all, he did have enough reasons to make any choice, and he finally gave up the easiest death. He defined it as "lighter than a feather", which added a masterpiece of history and literature that the Chinese nation could be proud of, and the early history of the Chinese nation had a roughly recognizable outline. We can think that after this battle, Sima Qian has completely experienced the cycle of life and death. Therefore, his view of life and death is not only the crystallization of the constant collision between soul and flesh, but also the crystallization of the constant tearing of the belief of maintaining dignity and pursuing immortality.

Life or death. This issue has also been incorporated into Sima Qian's own works. In addition to the sages who were faced with life-and-death choices mentioned in Bao Ren An Shu, there are many stories about how to choose in the face of death and great humiliation in Historical Records. For example, before the Chen Sheng Uprising, "Waiting for death, the country can die", and during the Uprising, the declaration that "a strong man will not die, and every man is responsible"; Guan Zhong confessed that he was "not ashamed of being petty, and his fame was not obvious to the world" and that he was humiliated by prisoners and finally made great contributions; One of Wu Zixu's brothers died with his father, and the other endured humiliation and lived for revenge. Lin Xiangru dared to risk his life to scold the king of Qin, but he didn't want a conflict with Lian Po to hurt the country's vitality. Han Xin is willing to endure the humiliation of his legs in order to make a difference in the future; Wait a minute. Because Sima Qian himself has a personal experience of such choices and scenes, when these deeds come out of his pen, it seems to happen before his eyes, which makes people excited and wants to do something.

Without the Liling incident, Sima Qian could have accomplished his immortal career quietly. This kind of emergency can be controlled by Sima Qian's personal will. Therefore, Sima Qian's works are full of lamentations about this unpredictable fate. This unpredictable fate befell him, which doomed Sima Qian to complete the pursuit of immortality in great humiliation. Or because of this, his works show dazzling human brilliance in their generation; Or because of this, his works are very powerful and eventually become the swan song of historians, with no rules.

3. In addition, the materials worth digging are the elements of choosing life and death in Tan Sitong's "Going to Stay in Two Kunlun Mountains" and "The Orphan of Zhao".

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