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Senior one geography paper (1000-2000 words)
The history of monsoon and atmospheric circulation system recorded by meteorological instruments is too short to capture all the changes in the climate system, and it is even more difficult to predict the climate changes in the next few decades to hundreds of years. Rebuilding the history of climate change in the past and understanding its mechanism and process can make up for the above shortcomings to a great extent. In the climate system, the evolution and variability of monsoon have an important impact on many aspects of human economy, culture and life rhythm. Its research work is becoming more and more important to society. The Asian monsoon is strongly influenced by the thermal differences between Eurasia and the Indian Ocean-Pacific and Qinghai-Tibet Plateau, and is a very important part of the climate system. From the climatological point of view, the monsoon region is the region with the strongest atmospheric convection activity, which is closely related to intertropical convergence zone. It plays a very important role in the global atmospheric heat and water vapor transport [1]. Revealing the changing process and mechanism of monsoon in geological history through geological records is of great significance for better understanding the changing law of monsoon and predicting its future trend. It is precisely because of this background that Wang [2]' s long speech on this issue will be very popular. It seems that this article is the first time to examine the monsoon problem from a global perspective and from such a long geological history, and it is a powerful summary. The main argument of Wang [2] is fundamental and therefore important. First of all, he emphasized the extremely important role of low latitude processes in climate system change. Secondly, he thinks that monsoon is a global phenomenon. This is how tropical storms affect the global climate. I totally agree with these arguments, Rainbow Xian Pin. I think climatology and paleoclimatology have long regarded the monsoon as a regional phenomenon without making enough efforts to understand the overall relationship of its behavior. This problem is of course quite complicated. Therefore, I also want to express some views on this. Readers can quickly see a brief introduction to the monsoon, its causes, history and location on the website. The word "monsoon" in http://en.wikipedia.org/wiki/Mon-. comes from Arabic mausem, which means seasonal festival. This is why the original definition of monsoon only contains the meaning that the prevailing wind system changes with the seasons. Undoubtedly, the most significant seasonal atmospheric circulation changes occur in South Asia and East Asia. It is precisely because of the influence of precipitation associated with monsoon that this definition can be extended, and other parts of the world are also regarded as monsoon regions. Later, the definition of monsoon gradually expanded to include almost all climatic phenomena with seasonal cycles that appear in tropical and subtropical regions of the earth. This clearly shows the rationality of Wang's view that monsoon is a global tropical system. Of course, because tropical climate is a part of the global climate system, emphasizing tropical drive does not mean isolating tropical climate from the rest of the world. The response of the climate system (on seasonal and geological scales) to solar energy involves all latitudes and seasons, and depends on the internal feedback mechanism of the climate system itself. Among them, water vapor feedback plays a very important role in the tropics, and about half of the energy that the sun reaches the earth is absorbed by the tropics. This is the reason why the tropical drive cannot be ignored. Of course, snow-covered high latitudes can not be ignored. The feedback between albedo and temperature is also obvious, and the amplitude of seasonal variation is also quite large. This is especially true when it comes to seasonal changes, such as atmospheric circulation. An example of this complexity is the possible connection between the high-latitude ice sheet and rainfall in eastern China, which sometimes seems unexpected [3]. The surface albedo in high latitudes affects the latitude gradient and seasonal characteristics of the net solar radiation energy, and is accompanied by the earth's rotation. Drive the average radial circulation of three cells [1]. Therefore, the strength and location of Hadley cells often fluctuate with the seasons, and the strongest fluctuation appears in the winter hemisphere. The inter-tropic convergence zone formed by the convergence of surface airflow from the northern and southern hemispheres in Hadley circulation, as well as the strong convective zone (ITCZ). Intertropical convergence zone moves north and south according to the position of the ecliptic, especially during the winter solstice and summer solstice, which is closely related to the monsoon in Southeast Asia and northern Australia. It can be seen from the above that intertropical convergence zone is not only related to tropical drive, but also related to high latitude. The movement of intertropical convergence zone is also related to the maximum seasonal pressure change in the Asian continent. A strong high pressure is developed in Siberia in winter and a low pressure system is developed in the northern Indian subcontinent in summer. This means that the pressure (and temperature) gradient between the Asian continent and the Pacific and Indian oceans cannot be ignored. In the theory of paleoclimate astronomy, Wang [2] thinks that the astronomical signals in paleoclimate records are very helpful to understand the physical driving mechanism of monsoon historical behavior. I totally agree with him. The first task is to retrieve astronomical frequencies in geological records. Berger [4] first calculated these astronomical frequencies and gave a list of them. In 2005, the source of 100 ka period was given in more detail [5]. In 2006, the existence of precession harmonic signals in equatorial sunlight was proved [6]. The second step of the study is to analyze the relationship between sunshine driving and climate system response. Among them, the selection of extra sunshine parameters needs to be cautious. Berger and Pestiaux [7] have proved that the total solar energy received in a season is only related to the inclination of the earth axis, while the length of the season is only related to precession. Therefore, the inclination of the earth's axis and precession * * * both determine the characteristics of seasonal average sunshine and daily sunshine. This must be considered, because different sunshine parameters have very different performance characteristics in time variation [8]. In addition to the global vision of monsoon, one of the highlights of Wang's article [2] is the discussion of monsoon in the long geological history. The paleoclimate records before Quaternary may study the long-scale orbital period in the climate system, and may also investigate the seasonal behavior of the Arctic, and even the ice-free period at the poles. Although the limitations of the existing data can not give a clear conclusion, Wang's view on whether the long eccentric signal in the climate system is related to the long-scale monsoon cycle is worthy of attention. The scientific community still has a long way to go to fully understand the interaction between tropical drive and high latitude drive. I totally agree with Wang that we should pay more attention to the importance of tropical power in regulating the earth's climate system. It is through this kind of effort and the combination of harmony and struggle that we keep moving forward.