First, the significance of argumentative writing

Argumentative writing is a style that takes arguments as the main expression, and expresses the author's views and opinions by putting facts and reasoning. It is different from narrative to express the author's feelings with vivid narration, and it is also different from narrative to focus on introducing or explaining the shape, nature, causes and functions of things. In short, argumentative essays convince people with reason, narrative essays convince people with emotion, and explanatory essays teach people with knowledge.

Second, the classification of argumentative essays

According to the way of argumentation, argumentative writing can be divided into argumentation and refutation. Argumentative essays focusing on establishing positive views are argumentative essays; An argumentative essay that mainly refutes wrong, one-sided or reactionary views is a refutation. An argumentative essay often combines argument with refutation, and there is a break in the argument or a break in the argument. For example, in the article "The Spirit of Questioning", the author puts forward a positive view: "Questioning is a preliminary idea and a driving force for research. The acquisition of all knowledge mostly comes from asking questions; New inventions and new creations often start with problems. " At the same time, this is also called a break. Another example is the article "Have China people lost confidence? While refuting the wrong view that "China people have lost self-confidence", the author also established the positive view that "we have China people who have not lost their self-promotion". Pure refutation is rare.

Three elements of argumentative writing-argument, argument and argumentation

Argument: Solving "What to Prove"

Argument: Solving the Problem of "Prove What"

Argument: How to prove it?

(A) on the argument

1, what is an argument?

Argumentative writing is the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed, and it is the soul of argumentative writing. Only by accurately grasping the arguments of the article can we understand the viewpoints and problems to be solved in the article.

2. Arguments and themes

Argument is a complete statement of the author's point of view, a clear judgment and a complete sentence in form. An argument cannot be a question or a phrase, and a figurative sentence cannot be used.

Thesis, that is, the object or scope to be demonstrated in an argumentative essay. For example, the title of this article points out the topic it wants to discuss, and some articles introduce topics at the beginning, such as the spirit of asking questions.

3. The relationship between the central argument and the sub-argument.

An argumentative essay generally has only one central argument, and some articles also put forward several sub-arguments around the central argument. Sub-argument is an aspect of the central argument, which is used to supplement or prove the central argument, serve the central argument and be subordinate to the central argument. For example, in the article "Doubt and Learning", the author first puts forward a central argument-learning needs doubt, and then puts forward two sub-arguments-doubt is a necessary step to distinguish between falsehood and falsehood, falsehood and negativity; Doubt is the basic condition for constructing new theories and enlightening new inventions from the front.

4. The position of the central argument

(1) The title of the article is "Lies can't cover up the facts written in blood".

(2) at the beginning of the article, such as "talking about the backbone" and "learning from doubt"

(3) at the end of the article, such as "born in sorrow, died in happiness"

(4) In the middle of the article (pay attention to the turning sentence connecting the preceding with the following), such as thinking and doing.

(5) The argument is not concentrated and needs to be summarized. Although there are some difficulties, there are ways to follow: on the basis of accurately understanding the content of the full text, sort out the contents of all parts of the full text, find out the contents of concentrated discussion, extract the core of the article, accurately judge and extract the author's views according to the topics and arguments, refer to the problems that the author wants to solve, and then summarize them in his own words. Such as "On Knowledge"

This helps us to find the position of the central argument accurately. It should be noted that in some articles, there are more than one sentence expressing the meaning of the central point, and comparison is needed to find the most concise sentence.

5. Methods of presenting arguments

(1) The title of the article is the central argument.

(2) At the beginning of the article, the central argument is put forward directly, such as "talk about backbone". At the beginning, the argument is put forward: We China people have backbone.

(3) At the end of the article, the central arguments are summarized, such as "Born in sorrow, died in happiness". Finally, the article draws a central argument: then knowledge is born of worry and dies of happiness.

(4) listing life phenomena leads to a central argument, such as "thinking and doing", listing the phenomena in life that only don't want to do, and analyzing their shortcomings, and then drawing a central argument: thinking and doing are inseparable and must be linked together.

(5) List life cases or quote stories, fairy tales, fables, etc. This leads to the central arguments such as Whistle and Cinderella's Bell.

(6) Cite famous aphorisms to put forward central arguments, such as doubt and learning. The opening quote is both an argument and an argument.

★ Imitate the sentence patterns that express arguments (sub-arguments) in the original text and put forward one of my own views:

1. To answer such questions, we must first perceive the content of the article as a whole, then gain a unique experience according to the enlightenment of reading the article, and finally express it in a prescribed sentence pattern to form an argument (sub-argument).

2. This topic examines not only the ability of association, but also the ability of language expression, and also the ability to grasp the relationship between sub-arguments and central arguments.

(2) About arguments

1, what is an argument?

Argument is the material (reason and basis) to prove the argument.

2, the relationship between argument and argument

Argument and argument are the relationship between proof and proof.

★ Analyze the relationship between arguments and arguments:

A: The arguments listed here are (facts or reasons) to prove (positive or negative) ... (arguments) are typical, representative and convincing.

3. Types of parameters

(1) factual argument: refer to representative cases, historical facts and statistical data.

(2) Rationality argument: refers to famous sayings, proverbs, natural science truths, formula laws, etc. Its correctness has been tested by practice. Arguments can be quoted directly or indirectly.

★ It should be noted that:

A, whether it is rational argument or factual argument, it does not exist in an article in isolation, but is closely combined with the central argument through the language of some argumentative paper. When using factual arguments to demonstrate, we can't just pile up facts and form the form of arguments and examples. We should analyze the case after description and reveal the relationship between the case and the argument to convince people. When demonstrating with reason, you can't talk empty talk, but pay attention to connecting with reality.

B, can summarize the content of the argument in concise language.

C, can analyze typical, representative and persuasive arguments.

D, you can give another argument around the central argument.

(3) About argumentation

1, what is the independent variable?

Argumentation is the process and method of using arguments to prove arguments, and it is the logical link between arguments.

2. Common demonstration methods are as follows:

(1) Factual argument (demonstration by example) refers to the process or method of proving the central argument through typical and representative cases or historical facts. The advantage of this argument method is that it is based on facts and convincing.

(2) Reasoning is a method to prove the central argument by using accepted theorem formulas, proverbs and aphorisms, and famous sayings from ancient times to modern times. In addition, it is reasonable for the author to explain the argument directly. Because the arguments in the argument are truths and famous sayings that have been tested by practice, the argument is also very convincing.

(3) Comparative argument, also known as positive and negative argument, is a method of comparing positive and negative arguments or arguments (factual argument and rational argument) and proving arguments in comparison. The advantage of this argument method is that by comparing right and wrong, it is clear at a glance what to insist on and what to oppose, and the central argument can be clearly proved. (4) Metaphorical argument is a method to prove an argument by using familiar things as metaphors. This argument method can vividly prove the central argument.

3. Analysis and demonstration methods.

★ Answer method: This paragraph (sentence) adopts the argument method of …, and demonstrates … (argument), which is … (benefit).

Fourthly, the structure of argumentative essay.

The overall structure of argumentative writing can be roughly divided into three parts, namely

Asking questions (introduction)-analyzing problems (thesis)-solving problems (conclusion) is the most basic structure of argumentative writing.

▲ Ask questions (introduction), and the beginning of the article leads to the questions to be discussed in the article;

▲ Analysis of the problem (this theory) is the main part of the argumentative paper, that is, the part that proves the argument with arguments;

▲ Solving the problem (conclusion), that is, the part that draws a conclusion on the basis of analyzing the problem.

This structure can be divided into "vertical" and "horizontal". From this, the total score formula, total score formula and total score formula are derived, which should be carefully distinguished. The purpose of analyzing the structure is to better understand the content of argumentative writing and better grasp the three elements of argumentative writing.

Verb (abbreviation of verb) the language of argumentative writing

Argumentative writing is the main way of expression, and the author's views and propositions need strict reasoning and argumentation, and need accurate, rigorous and generalized language to express them.

To analyze and understand the rigor and generality of argumentative language, we should start from the following aspects:

1, pay attention to understand and summarize rich keywords, analyze their functions, and realize the accuracy of words;

2. Pay attention to related words and clarify the logical relationship between sentences;

3. Pay attention to the function of modifiers in sentences;

4. Pay attention to the emotional language with distinct functions;

5. Pay attention to rhetorical devices, such as metaphor, parallelism, rhetorical questions, irony, etc. When reading, we should also carefully appreciate the vividness of the language;

6. Analyze the relationship between sentences and understand their logical rigor;

7. For the examples in the article, we should carefully analyze the general narrative language and the necessary explanations after the examples.

Sixth, according to the viewpoint put forward in this paper, add examples.

1, you can give examples of celebrities, which are more convincing and show your knowledge, but you must write accurate people and things and avoid arrogance.

2, you can also give examples of people, you can make them up, but you should pay attention to realism, not too exaggerated, so that people can know at a glance that they are made up.

3. Format: people+cases+results+short comments.

VI. Methods of Refuting Wrong Arguments

When analyzing refuting papers, we should be good at finding the breakthrough point for the author to refute wrong views. The so-called "breakthrough point" is the weak link of the other side's fallacy Finding the right one is actually finding a way to refute the wrong argument. Common rebuttal methods:

1, rebuttal point: directly point out the fallacy of the other party's argument.

2. rebuttal: point out that the other party's argument is untrue and unreliable.

3. Refuting arguments: pointing out the logical errors between the arguments of the other party and the arguments.