[Keywords:] analysis of the causes of juvenile delinquency, psychological analysis, sociological analysis
In China, juvenile delinquency usually refers to crimes committed by minors who are over 14 and under 18. When 200 1 "Fourth Five-Year Plan" was launched, CCTV and the Ministry of Justice conducted an online survey to understand the social concern about some legal issues. The survey results released later show that among the 10 legal issues listed in the survey, juvenile delinquency is the most concerned issue. According to this survey, juvenile delinquency has become one of the most concerned issues in society. [ 1]
First, the status quo and characteristics of juvenile delinquency
(A) From the subject of crime, juvenile delinquency is increasingly developing in the direction of younger age. Due to the early age of development and often influenced by bad culture, the initial age of juvenile delinquency since the 1990s is two to three years earlier than that in the 1970s. In recent years,/kloc-minors under the age of 0/4 have committed crimes that seriously endanger society, such as murder, rape and robbery. [2]
(2) As far as criminal means are concerned, the criminal means of juvenile criminals are ferocious and intelligent. The so-called cruelty means that minors are reckless and inhuman when committing crimes. In the process of committing crimes, they have no sympathy for the victims, some mutilate the victims' limbs, and some silence the victims to destroy the evidence. The so-called intelligence means that the tools used by minors are becoming more and more advanced. For example, mobile phones and walkie-talkies are used in communication tools, and motorcycles and even cars are used in transportation. Second, minors who commit high-tech crimes are increasingly using some modern technologies and means to commit crimes, such as cyber crimes. Third, the anti-reconnaissance ability of minors has been continuously enhanced, and they have been carefully deployed before committing crimes, forged the scene after committing crimes, and destroyed the transferred evidence.
(3) According to the types of crimes, violent crimes, property crimes and sexual crimes are the main forms of juvenile delinquency. And violent crimes are increasingly prominent, and they are constantly developing in a serious direction. According to the statistics of the Ministry of Public Security, the proportion of juvenile delinquency in China from 65438 to 0997 is as follows: robbery accounts for 46.3%; Robbery accounts for 23%; Theft accounts for 6.6%; Rape accounted for 4.8%. [3]
(4) From the organizational form of crime, gang crime is the main form of juvenile crime. At present, 70% of juvenile crimes are gang crimes. [4] Because minors lack sufficient physical strength, intelligence, courage and experience, it is often difficult to succeed in committing crimes alone. Forming gangs can encourage each other, reduce the resistance of crime and make it easy to succeed. At present, some juvenile criminal gangs have strict organizational system, criminal discipline and anti-investigation measures, and have formed the embryonic form of underworld organizations. If this kind of gang is mastered and controlled by lawless people, or with the growth of the age of the gang's backbone members, it will evolve into an organized and professional criminal group with underworld nature, which will have a multiplier effect on social harm.
Second, the causes of juvenile delinquency analysis
The emergence and existence of any phenomenon has its specific reasons and conditions. As a complex social phenomenon, juvenile delinquency is no exception. The reasons that restrict and determine juvenile delinquency are diverse and complicated. Therefore, in order to explore the causes of juvenile delinquency, it is necessary to use a variety of disciplines as tools for all-round and multi-angle analysis. The following analyzes the causes of juvenile delinquency from the perspective of psychology and sociology.
(A) psychological analysis of the causes of juvenile delinquency
All criminal acts are carried out under certain psychological control. Although minors are not psychologically mature, their criminal behavior is also dominated by psychology. Why is juvenile crime obviously different from adult crime? This is inseparable from the inherent physiological and psychological characteristics of minors as the subject of crime at this particular age. Contradictions are universal and exist in the development of everything. The contradiction formed by the age characteristics of minors also runs through the whole process of their growth. Although these contradictions are not necessarily related to the emergence of juvenile delinquency, if they are not properly resolved, they are likely to become the motivation of juvenile delinquency.
1. minors' physical and mental contradictions
(1) The contradiction between excess energy and low adjustment ability
The rapid development of minors' physiological functions has increased their activity, and they still have a lot of excess energy and physical strength after their daily study and life. However, due to the relatively slow improvement of their psychological level, they lack sufficient ability to adjust and control excess energy. Therefore, excess energy is often used inappropriately. Under the influence of external unfavorable factors, extra energy is often used for violent criminal activities such as robbery and rape.
(2) The contradiction between high excitability and low controllability
Due to the development of glands, the endocrine of minors is very strong, and their brains are often in a state of excitement, which leads to their high emotional excitement and impulsiveness. However, due to their immature cerebral cortex and lack of self-control, they are prone to impulsive and situational crimes.
(3) the contradiction between mature sexual function and lack of moral concept
In adolescence, sexual function gradually matures, resulting in a strong sense of sex, the need to contact the opposite sex, and sexual desire and impulse. However, they lack the legal and moral responsibility and economic ability to form a family, which leads to the contradiction between biology and society. If the minors in this period can't handle this contradiction correctly, then it is impossible to treat the relationship between the sexes correctly, and it is possible to indulge themselves and control their behavior without restraint, thus strengthening this contradiction and leading to sexual crimes. For example, some minors, stimulated by pornographic materials, do not hesitate to commit sexual crimes such as rape and gang rape in order to vent their physiological impulses; Or do not hesitate to commit property crimes such as robbery, theft and fraud for the sake of whoring.
2. Contradictions in the psychological structure of minors' personality
(1) The contradiction between loneliness and strong communication needs
At present, the physiological maturity age of minors is generally advanced, and their physiological progress is rapid, especially the maturity of sexual organs, which makes their sexual consciousness, sexual impulse and sexual experience come one after another, bringing them all kinds of confusion or doubts and producing all kinds of mysterious and uneasy complex psychology. At the same time, their psychological maturity is obviously lagging behind. They don't have enough knowledge and experience to solve the problems and doubts brought by physical maturity, and they can't reasonably reduce their psychological burden. With the growth of age, their sense of adulthood has gradually increased, and they are unwilling to confide their inner confusion and doubts to them easily, so they show obvious psychological atresia. In this kind of self-isolation, minors are psychologically estranged from adults and unwilling to exchange ideas and feelings with each other, thus resulting in loneliness. But this loneliness is not what they want. They are eager to be understood, to communicate with others, to have a certain position in interpersonal communication, and to stand out among their peers in order to maintain their self-esteem. Therefore, the demand for interpersonal communication is relatively strong, and this contradiction between psychological loneliness and desire for communication may put teenagers in a distressed situation. They don't want to communicate with their parents and teachers, but want to form a partnership with their peers. Some even ran away from home and went out to find "friendship." Because they have little social experience, narrow and one-sided cognition and can't tell right from wrong, they are easily tempted and deceived in complex social life, and they join criminal gangs in confusion and unconsciously embark on the road of crime.
(2) the contradiction between strong curiosity and low ability to distinguish right from wrong
Minors are curious about everything, phenomena they don't understand, and questions they don't understand. However, due to their lack of social experience and immature cognitive ability, they have no rigid views and opinions on many social phenomena and scientific norms. They are easily imitated by hints, consciously or unconsciously influenced by some bad factors, biased and opinionated. He accepted the knowledge that he thought was correct and in line with his hobby unilaterally without consideration, so that he was influenced by bad social atmosphere and some bad subcultures that promoted violent pornography and embarked on the road of crime.
(3) the contradiction between independence and dependence
With the emergence and enhancement of the sense of adulthood, minors overestimate themselves and strongly demand independence. They want to psychologically change their dependence and guardianship on adults in the past, that is, to achieve the same status as adults, get rid of their parents' control and be completely independent. However, due to their lack of financial resources and social life experience, they can't adapt to the complex society, so minors have to rely on their parents in life and adults in society. This psychological contradiction of wanting to be independent and having to rely on parents in real life may stimulate the contradiction between children and parents and widen the generation gap. In the real society, some people are very dissatisfied with their parents' strict control, and have a strong rebellious attitude and revenge, which leads to domestic violence and even the phenomenon of killing their father and hating their mother.
(4) the contradiction between strong emotional impulse and weak rational control
Adolescence has a high degree of emotional excitement, great emotional fluctuation and great impulsiveness, which is characterized by enthusiasm, liveliness, impatience, excitement and sentimentality. Sometimes, when personal needs are limited and cannot be met, frustration will occur, which will lead to strong dissatisfaction. At this time, the rational control ability seems powerless. In order to meet their own needs, they take simple and rude methods to attack the relevant parties or innocent people and take revenge.
(5) the contradiction of self-awareness
Self-awareness refers to the individual's understanding of his own psychological characteristics and all the psychological activities that are taking place, as well as his understanding of the interconnection with external things. Due to the development of independent intention, minors began to pay attention to the relationship between the outside world and external things and themselves, rather than their own psychological activities. In this way, I am both an observer and a person observed by myself. My self-consciousness is divided into two parts in different positions: the former is the ideal self; The latter is the real self. Generally speaking, the real self always lags behind the ideal self. As a result, the inconsistency between the two leads to the contradiction of self-awareness. The contradiction of minors' self-consciousness is usually manifested in two types: one is too high self-evaluation and the other is too low self-evaluation Too high or too low self-evaluation often leads to two kinds of psychological defects in the process of establishing self-awareness: excessive conceit or excessive inferiority.
① Low self-evaluation. Minors in this state of consciousness, when comparing the ideal self with the real self, have high expectations of the ideal self, can't reach it, are dissatisfied with the real self and can't improve it. One of their psychological characteristics is self-exclusion. In the process of growing up, the distance between the ideal self and the real self is too large, which leads to self-contradiction and conflict. They often have a psychological tendency to deny themselves and refuse to accept themselves. Such minors tend to reduce people's social needs, doubt themselves too much and suppress their enthusiasm, which may cause serious frustration and inner conflict. Their psychological experience is often accompanied by inferiority, blindness, loss of self-confidence, depression, weak will, loneliness, depression and many other phenomena, especially in the face of new environment, setbacks and major life events, they often have excessive behavior, leading to tragedies. In recent years, a considerable part of minor violence incidents are caused by such psychological problems.
2 excessive self-evaluation. This is a state of self-awareness as opposed to low self-evaluation. Under the control of this self-concept, individuals tend to expand their real self and form a false and unrealistic ideal self, thinking that the ideal self can be easily realized. Such minors are often blindly optimistic, self-centered, self-righteous, not easy to be accepted and recognized by the surrounding environment and others, and easy to cause resentment and dissatisfaction of others. Therefore, it is easy to suffer from failure and inner conflict, resulting in serious frustration, leading to depression, inferiority and self-abandonment. Sometimes it leads to excessive behavior and anti-social behavior.
(B) Sociological analysis of the causes of juvenile delinquency
Being underage is a life stage that everyone must go through. Therefore, the physical and mental characteristics of minors themselves are not the inevitable reasons that determine the occurrence of crimes. However, due to the immaturity and instability of their physical and mental development at this particular age, they are easily influenced by mistakes and negative influences in the process of socialization, which leads to the formation of criminal psychology and the possibility of committing criminal acts. The formation of juvenile criminal psychology will go through a process of incomplete socialization or wrong socialization, which is a process from quantitative accumulation to qualitative leap. The socialization of minors is mainly realized in the micro-social environment of direct life such as family and school.
1. Bad influence of family
As the cell of society, family is the first place for minors to experience life and the starting point of their socialization process. In the process of minors' socialization, family plays an important role, and a bad family environment has a primary impact on the formation of minors' imperfect personality.
(1) The family structure is defective.
Incomplete families are the "catalysts" for juvenile delinquency. The relationship between husband and wife is the foundation of family existence. When the relationship between husband and wife breaks down, or one or both of them are lost due to divorce, death, imprisonment and other reasons, the integrity of the family structure is destroyed. In this kind of family, especially the family who lost her husband, the family income decreased and the living standard declined, so the responsibility of educating children fell on the wife. Coupled with the pressure of housework, the limitation of time and energy, and neglect of management and education, it is easy for minors to let themselves go astray. In addition, due to the incomplete family structure, the emotional communication between family members is unbalanced and interpersonal relationships are indifferent. Minors are prone to form withdrawn, indifferent, self-abased and other bad people's Gert's sign and rebellious psychology. They are not satisfied with their love and spiritual life at home, and often seek spiritual support and sustenance from outside. In this way, because of their immature psychology and lack of social experience, they are easy to embark on the road of crime under the influence of bad environment and the instigation and temptation of bad people.
(2) improper family upbringing
Family education is directly related to the success or failure of education. Some parents do not follow the physiological and psychological characteristics and growth laws of minors, which leads to improper parenting styles, which is a very direct and important reason for juvenile delinquency. According to the data of Guangdong Institute of Juvenile Delinquency, 80% of juvenile offenders serving sentences in this institute are related to improper family upbringing. [5] Improper family upbringing is manifested in the following aspects.
Spoil and spoil
At present, the one-child rate in families is increasing year by year, because families have only one child. Parents often take a submissive attitude towards their children, and cover up even if they make mistakes, which makes children develop selfish, willful, lazy, arrogant and self-centered bad characters and behavior habits from an early age. When such minors enter the society, when their personal interests and needs are not met within the normal range, they are likely to disregard social morality and legal norms, thus committing illegal and criminal acts.
② Simple and rude
Contrary to doting, some parents go to the other extreme. When these parents find that their children have made mistakes, they ignore their normal self-esteem and independent personality and beat and scold at every turn. On the one hand, parents' behavior provides an example for children to learn to imitate, and it is easy for children to form a cruel, rude and aggressive character and form the concept of violence as a way to solve problems. On the other hand, it triggered and strengthened children's rebellious psychology, which led to the emotional breakdown between children and parents, forming a situation of emotional opposition and mutual distrust. Psychologically, they regard their parents as enemies, run away from home and seek "sympathy" and "warmth" from their younger brothers in society. Some of them degenerated into criminals under the temptation and threat of instigators with ulterior motives.
3 go with the flow.
Parents give up the responsibility of educating their children, take a non-interference attitude towards all their behaviors and let themselves go. Children who grow up in such a family can easily form cold, arrogant, arrogant, conceited and cynical bad characters. They went to society prematurely under the indulgence of their parents. Because they lack the guidance and supervision of their parents, their cognitive level is not high, and they lack the ability to correctly distinguish right from wrong, good from evil. Under the induction and influence of various social bad factors, it is easy to form criminal psychology and embark on the road of illegal crime.
④ Expectation is too high.
Nowadays, many families are only children. Parents devote all their love to their children, and at the same time put forward higher requirements for their academic performance. It is difficult for children to do their best. At this time, the child is under great psychological pressure and even anxious, resulting in escape and rebellion. When these pressures exceed their capacity, they are likely to run away from home under the control of escape and rebellion, or even go astray; Some even make excessive acts such as killing relatives.
⑤ Lack of emotional communication
Some parents are busy with work or business all day or only pay attention to the satisfaction of their children's material needs, while ignoring the active communication with their children. Coupled with the psychological atresia of minors, there is a lack of emotional communication between children and parents, their psychological confusion and doubts can not be pointed out by their parents in time, their inner desires and needs can not be met, and their realistic psychology can not be vented and comforted. Over time, psychological problems are hard to return. Furthermore, psychological barriers and personality defects such as depression, sensitivity, paranoia, irritability, indifference, loneliness, lack of sense of responsibility and sympathy are formed. Because of their lack of self-control, they are easy to commit violent crimes under the stimulation of external bad factors.
(3) parents' bad behavior
A lot of socialization in the family is intangible, and parents' manners and attitudes have a subtle influence on minors. In addition, minors are curious, plastic and good at imitation, but their ability to distinguish right from wrong and control their own will is weak. Therefore, parents' bad behaviors such as gambling, alcoholism, theft, prostitution, whoring and so on. Will have a suggestive impact on children, make children imitate the bad behavior of adults, and sow the seeds of illegal crimes in their hearts.
(4) the family atmosphere is not harmonious
"Family atmosphere may be the direct cause of juvenile delinquency. Harmonious, disharmonious or conflicting family atmosphere has a great relationship with the rate of illegal behavior. Compared with harmonious families, the number of illegal children has increased significantly. " [6] Family members, especially husband and wife, are often full of quarrels, accusations, recriminations and fights, filled with an atmosphere of conflict or disharmony, which will bring great frustration and insecurity to children. If this continues, it will cause personality disorders such as introversion, loneliness and inferiority. In order to escape from this disharmonious family atmosphere, some children easily run away from home and live on the streets. Once influenced by bad factors, they will embark on the road of crime.
(5) The family is too poor
Because parents are under great work pressure or both parents are laid off, and their family conditions are too poor, children are easy to feel inferior among their peers, and it is easy to form withdrawn, introverted personality and hostile psychology. In order to satisfy the material desires that they can't get from their families, they often take risks. The poor living environment and surrounding conditions of the family, the professional ethics, public security management and civilization of the people around them are all factors that affect the growth of children. Children are easily influenced by unhealthy teenagers around them and embark on the road of breaking the law and committing crimes.
2. Lack of school education
Schools are also important places for the socialization of minors. Good school education can make up for and correct the bad influence of family education and help minors resist and eliminate the influence of bad social factors. However, there are still some unsatisfactory defects and mistakes in school education, which are not conducive to the socialization of minors and have an important impact on the formation of juvenile criminal psychology.
(1) Ignore ideological and moral education
Because of the one-sided emphasis on the importance of intellectual education, the school has largely played down the education and cultivation of students' ideological and moral character. Even if there is such education, the methods are often simple, outdated or formalistic, and the content is empty and divorced from reality, which is not attractive to students. In addition, there are indeed some people with poor quality and low professional ethics in the teaching staff. One is that you can talk about something in class, and it will be completely different after class. This will further weaken the authority of education, even arouse students' rebellious psychology and emotions, and easily make the growing minors reject the mainstream culture and identify with the unhealthy subculture. Then, under the attraction and inspiration of the unhealthy subculture, the unhealthy subculture groups oppose the mainstream culture, infect and identify with each other, and eventually degenerate into juvenile criminal gangs. The other is that in some schools, good students get good grades and bad students get poor grades, and on this basis, students are artificially divided into key classes and non-key classes, which greatly dampens students' self-esteem, loses their initiative and self-confidence, and causes some students to be tired of learning, drop out of school, lose to society and form bad groups, do nothing, and easily degenerate into criminal gangs and engage in illegal and criminal activities under the instigation of bad people. In addition, minors lack correct moral guidance and cultivation in the process of psychological development and personality formation, which is not conducive to their forming a correct outlook on life and world outlook, and their "immunity" to various negative factors in society is extremely low. Under the influence of external incentives, it is easy to produce criminal psychology and embark on the road of illegal crime.
(2) The effect of legal education is not good
At present, the legal education in schools is backward and ineffective, which causes students' weak legal concept and is also an important reason for juvenile delinquency. The teachers of law education courses are basically non-law graduates, and most of them are political teachers, which inevitably leads to the problem of low accuracy in explaining legal knowledge, and classes are only for students to make up for exams. In addition, legal education only stays in imparting legal knowledge, which can not make students form values that are compatible with the requirements of legal norms, internalize the requirements of legal norms into their own needs and behaviors, and make students restrain their behaviors with legal norms, forming law-abiding behavior habits, and failing to achieve the effect of crime prevention. On the contrary, some students took advantage of the loopholes in the law because they knew the legal provisions, and took the chance to commit crimes.
(3) Adolescent sex education and mental health education lag behind.
At present, adolescent sex education in schools is basically blank. Adolescents' adolescence is basically spent in school. After they enter adolescence, they begin to feel something about sex physically and psychologically, and their sexual consciousness is in the stage from germination to increasingly clear and mature. Their understanding of sex is vague, but they are ignorant of sexual knowledge because the channels for obtaining correct knowledge and sex education are not smooth and timely, and they cannot get correct guidance. Therefore, driven by curiosity, they turned their attention to pornographic websites and obscene audio-visual videos. Due to the unsynchronized maturity of physiology and psychology, the weak concept of morality and legal system, deviant behavior often occurs under the stimulation of the outside world and weak self-control ability.
Minors are faced with the rapid development of psychological contradictions and conflicts, the intense and heavy burden of study, and the great pressure brought by parents' lofty aspirations for their children, which makes them appear all kinds of psychological confusion, psychological imbalance and even mental illness in their study and life. However, in the current school education, mental health education is neglected, and special psychological courses are not offered, but the content of psychological education is only included in ideological and moral education, and there is no timely answer and guidance, which leads to more serious psychological problems of students. When they can't bear it, they are likely to go to extremes and vent through violence, which will lead to violence, rape and other crimes.
3. The influence of poor communication among peer groups
Marx said: "A person's development depends on the development of all other people who interact with him directly or indirectly." [7] Peer communication plays a very important role in the socialization of minors. The reason why a very small number of minors embark on the road of illegal crimes and develop viciously is closely related to the bad communication of their peers. Gang crime has always occupied a high proportion in juvenile delinquency. Bad communication is often the starting point for minors to embark on the road of gang crime. Some unhealthy teenagers rejected and abandoned by their families and schools are attracted and encouraged by unhealthy subcultures, and they gather together because of the same feelings, forming unhealthy subculture groups through unhealthy entertainment, vagrancy and heart-to-heart talks. French criminologist Tarde pointed out in his monograph The Law of Imitation: "The degree of imitation is directly proportional to the distance between people. The more closely related people imitate each other, the greater the possibility and intensity of imitation. " [8] Through close contact, mutual observation and imitation, their original wrong social consciousness, bad personality and behavior habits have been strengthened. Sutherlabd, the "father of criminology" in the United States, thinks: "Crime is learned through interaction with others in the process of communication. The main part of criminal behavior research takes place in closely related groups. The main members of this group are familiar partners and friends of criminals. The main contents of criminology include two contents: one is the technology of crime; The second is the specific direction of criminal motivation, driving force, rationalization and attitude. " [9] In this way, after learning to commit crimes, they initially have the conditions for committing crimes, and through illegal attempts, they accelerate their decline and become criminal gangs. Juvenile criminal gangs fight against society with their unique acts of violence and robbery, which is extremely harmful to society.
The cultural market is out of control.
Due to the out-of-control of the cultural market, the proliferation of unhealthy culture has become the direct cause of juvenile delinquency. All kinds of audio-visual products and online games, which are full of violence, pornography and obscenity, have produced a corrosive effect that cannot be ignored. American scholar Bandura believes: "Movies and TV often vividly depict the image of violence, and violence in drama is described as an acceptable behavior and even embodies a kind of heroism. Those heroes who are good at violence have never been punished by law or society. As a result, people will consciously or unconsciously accept the values and behavioral norms of violence and use them to deal with daily affairs or interpersonal relationships. " [10] Minors are in the life stage of seeking knowledge and learning, and the main way of their behavior and behavior acquisition is imitation. In this way, a lot of violence in the media has become the object of their imitation. Therefore, some minors are extremely aggressive, cruel and aggressive in character. When you encounter something, you are simple-minded and easy to use violence as a way to solve problems, leading to violent crimes. In addition, in order to attract the audience, some films and documentaries have reported a large number of criminal information of underworld and evil gangs, and described the criminal motives and criminal processes in excessive detail. This provides imitation and learning conditions for some minors who are good at imitation. They not only learned the means of committing crimes, but also learned the tactics of anti-reconnaissance and anti-interrogation, and became experts in crime. The sexual organs of minors began to develop and their sexual functions gradually matured. The obvious changes in their physiological structure triggered psychological changes, and their curiosity increased. They have a strong sense of mystery and curiosity about their own physiological changes, especially the information related to physiological changes. The pornographic content in the media conforms to these characteristics of minors and meets their physical and psychological needs. Some minors, because of their poor self-control, can't resist the temptation and can't restrain their physical and psychological agitation, so they have the idea of trying, which is likely to induce sexual crimes such as rape.
In addition, indulging in the internet is also a cause of juvenile delinquency. According to the Beijing Youth Daily, the Beijing Haidian Procuratorate recently conducted a survey of juvenile criminal suspects detained in Haidian Detention Center, and found that among 73 juvenile criminal suspects who had experience in surfing the Internet, 39 of them admitted that they were on the illegal road because of or related to surfing the Internet, accounting for 53.4%. [1 1] People can hide their true identity, age and even gender from each other by exchanging emails, chatting and online games. Because of the concealment of the network itself, surfing the Internet has become an ideal choice for many minors in the psychological lock-up period to relieve their inner tension and release their inner depression. In the process of online games and online chatting, virtual characters can be free from the constraints of laws and moral norms, and the psychological randomness of minors is infinitely magnified. When personal interests and social interests conflict, it is often difficult to coordinate. If this situation is not corrected and guided in time and correctly, it may lead to minors infringing on the interests of others by any means in order to meet their own needs. Some minors have been obsessed with the internet for a long time. Because they have no financial resources, they are likely to commit property crimes such as robbery and theft in order to pay high internet access fees.
Precautions:
[1]: Leading Group for the Prevention of Juvenile Delinquency of the Central Political and Legal Committee, Research Report on the Prevention of Idle Juvenile Delinquency (R), China Archives Publishing House, Beijing, 2002, p. 6.
[2]. Wang Bingzhong, editor-in-chief, Pedagogy of Criminals (M), People's Publishing House, Beijing, published in 2003, p. 2 18.
[3]. Wang Dawei, "Study on the Victimization of Primary and Secondary School Students-On the Development of Crime" (M), China People's Public Security University Press, 2004, p. 128.
[4]: Same as [1], p. 5.
[5]:/doc/view/24/8648.html
[6]. (Japan) Sen Beowulf, Criminal Psychology (M), Knowledge Publishing House, Beijing, 1982, p. 85.
[7]: The Complete Works of Marx and Engels, Volume 3, Page 5 15.
[8]. Zhou, New Theory of Criminology (M), Xiamen University Press, Xiamen, published in 2004, p. 1 10.
[9]. Yang Huanning, Research on Criminal Mechanism (M), Law Press, Beijing, 200 1 Publishing, p. 63.
[10]. Zhang Xiaohu, Analysis of Social Crimes in China during the Transitional Period (M), Beijing Normal University Press, Beijing, published in 2002, p. 105.
[ 1 1]:/zyw/n 3 10/ca 274605 . htm