Ceramic technology prevailed in the famous porcelain kilns such as Cizhou Kiln, Jun Kiln, Official Kiln, Ru Kiln, Longquan Kiln and Jizhou Kiln during the Song, Liao and Jin Dynasties, but it has declined at this time. After hundreds of years of development, Jingdezhen kiln in Jiangxi gradually formed a huge production capacity in the Yuan Dynasty, and an epoch-making new creation appeared. The court set up a floating porcelain bureau to be responsible for firing royal porcelain. After the bureau was closed, it was supervised by Raozhou Road Manager. The greatest achievement of Jingdezhen ceramics industry is the maturity of blue and white, glazed red and other varieties. Blue-and-white is made by drawing various patterns on porcelain tires with cobalt oxide, glazing and firing in reducing flame. There are two kinds of cobalt materials: overseas and domestic. Using overseas cobalt material, its color is as deep as green gold, solemn and elegant. Domestic cobalt materials from Zhejiang, Yunnan, Jiangxi and other places are gray-blue or blue-green. Red in glaze is an underglaze color containing copper oxide, and its technology, modeling and decoration are generally similar to those of blue and white porcelain. However, its color development is more difficult than blue and white, and its successful color development is comparable to ruby red, but most of them have different shades of gray, some are dark gold or light ink. The firing of red and blue monochromatic glazed porcelain indicates that the development of China monochromatic glazed porcelain has reached a new height. During this period, white glazed porcelain has also undergone brand-new changes. Its glaze color is egg white, and it is also called Shufu kiln because of the word "Shufu" printed on it, among which "Tianxi" is its representative. Cizhou kiln has many varieties, large output and simplified decorative patterns. The color development of kiln has no flame red and flame blue, only moon white or moon red. Longquan kiln porcelain has a bluish green glaze and a large body. Jizhou kiln also tends to be sloppy. Compared with the previous generation, the foreign trade of Yuan Dynasty had new development and changes, and the output of ceramics also increased obviously. In order to meet this need, the porcelain industry in the southeast coastal areas has also developed, with a large number of products, which account for an increasing proportion in people's daily life and social economy, and gradually surpass gold, silver, copper, lacquer and other utensils.

[Blue and white glazed red lid jar]

Weaving and Embroidery Skills In the Yuan Dynasty, there were many advances and improvements in textile, printing and dyeing, embroidery and other skills after the Song and Jin Dynasties, among which the silk weaving industry in Jiangnan was particularly developed, and its products were exported to most cities and other cities. By the Yuan Dynasty, there were more than 80 government-run weaving and embroidery workshops, and the products were exclusively used by the royal family. The imperial statues and Buddha statues embroidered by official embroidery workshops such as Lingqi Bureau and Buddhist Weaving Promotion Department should be the representatives of the great development of the brocade industry in Yuan Dynasty, and the loss of stones is a new achievement of its silk weaving industry. Originally woven by Arab craftsmen with gold thread, the background color and gold thread complement each other, so it is also called brocade, which has a certain influence on the development of brocade in later generations. Shu brocade has a long history and is still popular today. Ten kinds of Shu brocade are famous. Twill, silk, satin, silk, yarn and other places have weaving, in which satin fabric has matured and become exquisite. Qing Ji yarn, spring satin and Tang Wei machine silk are all famous silk fabrics in Yuan Dynasty. Compared with Kerou Zhu and others in the Southern Song Dynasty, silk reeling has deteriorated, but it still has a certain level. The rise and development of cotton and wool industry is also a great achievement of textile processing in Yuan Dynasty. The development of carpet and carpet technology is closely related to the daily life of Mongolian people. Some carpets are 16.67 meters long and 7.5 meters wide, which shows that the workshop scale is extraordinary. Embroidery is still a sideline of urban and rural embroidery, and local famous embroidery has not yet formed. Printing and dyeing industry is an important part of textile industry, and dyeing has its own independent aesthetic value. At this time, Songjiang cotton printing and dyeing, its effect is as delicate as painting.

[Dong Fangshuo steals peaches and drags silk]

Jade craft etiquette in Yuan Dynasty inherited from Song and Jin Dynasties, and also used jade as a standard tool. Therefore, the jade craft in Yuan Dynasty was developed on the basis of the jade industry in Song and Jin Dynasties. In the second year of China's reunification (126 1), a jade bureau was set up in Dadu, and in the fifteenth year of Yuan Dynasty (1278), a jade bureau was set up to be responsible for the production of court jade articles. In the 17th year of Yuan Dynasty, Hangzhou Daojinyu General Administration was established, which was in charge of thousands of craftsmen of jinyu agate. As a result, Dadu and Hangzhou became the two centers of gold and jade craft production in Yuan Dynasty. In the 12th year of Zhiyuan, Kublai Khan of Yuan Shizu put the freshly ground jade sea in Guanghan Temple, and also put up a jade palace with white jade dragons and clouds, which contained a white jade and golden flower platform with a jade bed on it, indicating that the amount of jade used by the court in Yuan Dynasty far exceeded that of the previous generation. From the jade unearthed and handed down from the Yuan Dynasty, we can know that there are ritual jade and ornamental jade inherited from the Song Dynasty, spring water and autumn mountain jade after the Liao and Jin Dynasties, official jade and household jade in the Yuan Dynasty, such as jade claws and hollowed-out jade hat tops. The style of jade in Yuan Dynasty inherited from Song and Jin Dynasties, emphasizing realism and implication, making good use of hollowing out, being skillful and vivid. However, the workmanship is a little rough, leaving more traces of axe chisel, which has a unique flavor.

Lacquer craft Folk lacquerware is used to decorate wood and bamboo, which can be moisture-proof and firm, and is suitable for beauty. Light plain lacquerware continued to be produced on the basis of the Song Dynasty. Qi Diao, rhinoceros skin, gold plating, mother of pearl, etc. Great achievements have been made in lacquerware technology in Yuan Dynasty, far superior to that in Southern Song Dynasty. Qi Diao belongs to the carving in lacquerware, that is, the carving is looming, and there is yang in the yin, which is divided into red, black and rhinoceros. There are famous workers such as Zhang Cheng and Yang Mao. There are also small objects such as plates and slag buckets. The pattern composition is full, the knife method is clear, the grinding is smooth, the style is profound and clear, and the skill is extremely high. Rhinoceros picking is to paint the tires to a considerable thickness layer by layer with black and red paint, and then pick and carve red and black patterns such as moire and palindrome with a knife. There are three groups of moire patterns made by Rizo in the round box for removing rhinoceros, and the blade depth is 1 cm, which belongs to the deep rhinoceros removal type. Gold, also known as gold, is painted with mountains and rivers, trees and stones, flowers and feathers, pavilions, people's past events and other patterns, and then filled with gold powder for decoration. The above lacquerware was produced in Jiaxing, Zhejiang Province. Jiaxing Lacquerware Bureau was established here in the early Yuan Dynasty to be responsible for the production of lacquerware, which was an important origin of lacquerware technology in the Yuan Dynasty. Mother-of-pearl lacquer comes from Luling County, Ji 'an, Jiangxi Province. The paint is solid and the characters are meticulous and lovely. Mother-of-pearl in Yuan Dynasty is thin and shiny, carved with an iron cone, thin and dense. Craftsmen Xiao Zhen and Liu Liangbi are both good at this art, calling themselves iron pens.

Metal Craft In the Yuan Dynasty, metal crafts used gold, silver, copper, iron and tin as the main raw materials, and were made into daily utensils and advanced arts and crafts with different uses through casting, hammering, chiseling, carving, weaving, tying and kneading. At that time, gold and silver were widely used in aristocrats and restaurants. However, the imperial court strictly controlled gold wares and jade wares, and only officials who owned five or more products were allowed to use jade tea and wine vessels. The gold process is characterized by kneading, fatigue and embedding, which is also called refined gold process. In addition to making utensils with gold, it is also used to cut gold into mud and hammer it into foil, silk and so on. , and used to decorate silk, lacquerware and wood products, as well as gold-plated utensils used to decorate silver and bronze. Silver is not as valuable as gold, and it is also widely used by the rich in urban and rural areas. The silverware process is similar to the goldware in technology. The gold and silver craftsmen who can be found in the description or account are Zhu Bishan, Xie, Xie, Tang He. Zhu Bishan is the most famous among them. He had an association with the painter Ke Jiu Si. He made cups, shrimp cups, crab cups and other wine vessels. , but also cast Zhao Jun statue, dharma statue, gold teapot and other furnishings. The famous copper casting craftsmen include Lady Hangchengjiang, Wang Ji of Pingjiang and others. Bronze mirror is still an indispensable tool for plastic surgery in Yuan Dynasty, with many practical tools and few exquisite ones.

Glass craft glass is called coloured glaze in ancient times and "material" in modern times. The most important glassware producing area in Yuan Dynasty was Shen Yan Town, Yidu, Shandong Province. At the end of Yuan Dynasty and the beginning of Ming Dynasty, glass melting furnace sites and residual products were found here. The test shows that the potassium-calcium glass with high potassium-calcium content and low lead content is obviously different from the high lead glass in Tang and Song Dynasties. A set of pale blue Nie glass lotus petals unearthed from Wang Shixian's tomb in Xujiaping, Zhang Xi 'an County, Gansu Province, was cast with a model. No laboratory data was found, and its chemical composition could not be determined, but by visual inspection, it seems to come from Shen Yan Town. A large number of glass beads and a glass reed were unearthed from the tomb of Cao Shi, the mother of Zhang Shicheng at the end of Yuan Dynasty in Suzhou City, Jiangsu Province. Nie Bai, a glass imitation, is 42.5 cm long and is the largest known glass product of the Yuan Dynasty. The test results show that the glass beads belong to potassium lead glass and may be produced locally in Suzhou. It is recorded in the History of Yuan Dynasty that "general manager office will be a jade craftsman of all kinds in the Academy", and the Jade Bureau is the official workshop for making "jar jade", which may be located in Dadu or Shen Yan Town. The glass bottles unearthed in Xinjiang are blown by pipes, light green and transparent, with irregular shapes, which may be blown by local craftsmen, indicating that the glassware in Hexi Corridor and Xinjiang has local colors and is different from that in the mainland at that time in formula and molding.

Enamel Craft of Yuan Dynasty Enamel is a composite handicraft of enamel and metal. Enamel is made of silicon, lead, borax and other raw materials, which are melted, cooled and ground into powdered colored substances, filled and coated on containers such as gold, silver, copper, pottery and porcelain, and baked. In the Yuan Dynasty, cloisonne enamel and enamel were first introduced from the west, and soon took root, blossomed and bore fruit in the artistic soil of China, and quickly completed the nationalization process, becoming one of the traditional arts and crafts in China. Cloisonne enamel was called "big food kiln" or "ghost country mosaic" in Yuan Dynasty, which was introduced from Arabia and produced in most places and Yunnan. There are two kinds of fetal bones: gold and copper, with copper as the main one. Copper tire wire enamel is made of thin and narrow copper flat wire, kneaded into various patterns, welded on the copper tire, filled with various enamel materials, baked, polished and plated with gold. So far, there is no reliable cloisonne in Yuan Dynasty. However, from the old enamel ware, it can be found that it is similar to the enamel glaze made in Constantinople, but it is different from the enamel color made in Yongle (1403 ~ 1424) and Xuande (1426 ~ 1435) in Ming Dynasty, so it belongs to the end of Yuan Dynasty. In the Yuan Dynasty, the enamel of the fetus was called "Fulang inlay", which was introduced from Europe. At that time, Limojiu, France and Cologne, Germany in Europe were rich in bronze enamel with long fetus, and the inlay of Lang in Yuan Dynasty may be related to a kind of bronze enamel with long fetus in these two places.

Four Treasures of the Study Four Treasures of the Study inherited and developed the decorative and aesthetic factors of stationery since Han and Tang Dynasties. In the Yuan Dynasty, the pen-making industry developed under the guidance of literati, and famous craftsmen such as Feng Yingke, Wu, Lu Zhen and so on appeared successively. Among them, Feng Yingke's pen, Zhao Mengfu's character and Qian Xuan's paintings are called the three wonders of Xing Wu. Zhang Jinzhong paid tribute to the imperial court, making Hu Bi famous all over the world, replacing Xuan Bi as the best in the country. At that time, people still paid attention to inkstone, mostly using local stones as raw materials, including mud, porcelain, lacquer jade, agate, iron, copper and other inkstones. The paper industry was once devastated and the production was very depressed. The paper industry in Huizhou, Anhui Province, which is located in the deep mountains, is still producing a large number of excellent papers because of the stimulation of block printing industry. The ink and wash industry continues to develop, with Pan Yungu, Lin Songquan, Yu, Du Qingbi, Wei, Huang Xiuzhi, Zhu Wanchu, Qiu Shiying, Qiu Nanjie, etc. exceeding 10. Hu Bi, Liang Yan, Xuan Paper and Hui Mo in Yuan Dynasty provided favorable conditions for the prosperity of Four Treasures of the Study's manufacturing industry in the future.

In addition, the gem inlay technology began to rise in the Yuan Dynasty. Tao's Record of Dropping out of Farming introduces the varieties, names and properties of western gemstones in the section of "Hui Hui Stone". The emperor also decorated the hat top with precious stones, which opened the door for the development of gem inlay technology in Ming and Qing Dynasties. All localities continue to produce agate, ideas and other colored stone carving techniques, and make various ornaments and decorations. Decorative sculptures such as bamboo, wood, teeth, rhinoceros, bones and horns are also constantly produced to meet the needs of rulers, upper-class nobles and general social life and aesthetics. The crown dress with shoes is also very distinctive, with high standards in form and craft decoration. Because its material is perishable, it is rare now. Technologies such as glass, carved bricks, plastic bricks, marble, white marble and other stone processing and wooden furniture for building and interior decoration are also relatively developed. Uygur, Mongolian, Tibetan, Zhuang, Miao, Bai and other ethnic minorities all have their own textiles, embroidery, metalworking, wood, stone, teeth, horns, bones and other carvings, which have reached a considerable height.

Due to the limitation of information and understanding, there were few studies on arts and crafts of yuan dynasty and few published papers. Only ceramics have been systematically and comprehensively studied and expounded, and other fields have yet to be developed.