Gulliver's Travels Author: (English) Swift's Date of Publication: 1726 Features: A fantasy travelogue satirical novel aimed at attacking British parliamentary politics and reactionary religious forces at that time.
Robinson Crusoe, published in 17 19 on April 25th, is the representative work of British writer daniel defoe. As soon as the novel came out, it became popular all over the world, enduring for a long time, and it has readers from generation to generation all over the world. From the first edition to the present, this novel has been published in hundreds of editions and has been translated into almost all languages in the world. It is said that apart from the Bible, Robinson Crusoe is the most reprinted. This book is regarded as the first novel in the history of English literature and an immortal masterpiece in the treasure house of world literature. The story of the book is fascinating and the narrative language is easy to understand. It is a masterpiece that appeals to both refined and popular tastes. Daniel defoe (1660- 173 1) is an English novelist and journalist. He occupies a special position in the history of western literature development and is called "the father of modern novels". His works are mainly for individuals to overcome difficulties through hard work and relying on their own wisdom and courage. /kloc-in the 0/8th century, novels rose. Defoe, as the spokesman of the emerging bourgeoisie in the west, opened up the development path of modern novels with realistic style and realistic effect. His novel is full of twists and turns, self-reported and readable. It also shows the social atmosphere of pursuing adventure and advocating personal struggle at that time. Since the opening of the new sea line from 14 to 15, sailing has become the ideal of every young person. Robinson Crusoe, his masterpiece, is famous all over the world, and Robinson has become a typical example of struggling with difficulties, so he is regarded as one of the pioneers of English novels.
References:
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. Celebrity biographer: (French) romain rolland
brief Introduction of the content
Before 1930s, romain rolland's works mainly included the biography of the hero, the novel john christopher, the novella Aird Lenion, and a series of works that opposed war and violence and advocated personal "spiritual independence". His later works include four novels "Mother and Son" and a series of essays, memoirs and papers. In particular, in 193 1, the article "Farewell to the past" was published, criticizing the road I had traveled in the past. From then on, he took an active part in the activities against imperialist wars and maintaining peace, and became a progressive anti-imperialist and anti-fascist literary fighter.
book review
Romain rolland was a famous French critical realist writer, music historian and social activist at the end of 19 and the beginning of the 20th century. He was born in a lawyer's family. When he was in college, he corresponded with the great Russian writer Tolstoy. Tolstoy's thoughts had a profound influence on him. The most outstanding advantages of romain rolland's world outlook and creation are his democracy and his criticism of the capitalist world and its culture.
catalogue
Normal sequence
Beethoven's great love
Beethoven's will
To my brothers Carl and John.
Beethoven's letter to Reverend Amanda
Beethoven's Letter to Wegele (1)
Beethoven's Letter to Wegele (2)
Mr. and Mrs. Wiglers and Mr. Elliot
A letter to Beethoven
Beethoven's Letter to Wegele (1)
Beethoven's Letter to Wegele (2)
Beethoven's letter to Mosis
Beethoven's famous saying
Biography of Michelangelo
first part
First of all, the rise of giants
Ermetis family temple
Third, the era of war.
The second part of a two-part program/book.
First of all, friendship or love
Second, the architect of Saint Pierre.
Third, family and friends.
Fourth, eschatology
Verb (short for verb) The coming of death.
postscript
Leo Tolstoy
First of all, I miss Tolstoy
Second, my childhood.
Third, the days in the Caucasus
Fourth, the battle in Sebastian.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) civilian consciousness
Sixth, the happiness between husband and wife.
Seven. War and Peace
Eight. Anna Karenine
Nine, insanity
X. What should we do for society?
XI。 criticisms (up)on art
Twelve, the masterpiece of genius
Thirteen. recover
Fourteen ethos
Fifteen. run away
Sixteen, the battle is over.
2. Aesop's Fable: The original title is "Esop's Tales Integration", and its story is circulated among the people and written in the third century BC. According to legend, the story was written by an Ethiopian black slave, and "Aesop" is a homonym for "Ethiopia".
Aesop, born in the 6th century BC, is an ancient Greek fable. It is said that he was a slave, later released and finally killed for "blasphemy".
Aesop's Fables is an ancient Greek fable, which became Aesop's Fables after being processed by later generations. Judging from the works, the time span is long, and the tendency of each article is not exactly the same. Speculation is not a one-off work, but can be considered as a collective creation of ancient Greeks in a long historical period. Aesop may be one of the important authors.
Aesop's fables come from the people, so the life, thoughts and feelings of people from all walks of life have been more prominently reflected. For example, exposing the greed and selfishness of the rich; The cruel nature of whipping the wicked; Affirm that labor creates wealth; An attack on social inequality; A satire on cowardice and laziness; Praise for the brave struggle. There are also many fables that teach people how to be a man, how to be a man, how to distinguish right from wrong, and how to become smart and wise. Aesop's Fables is an overview, refinement and summary of the life and struggle of the ancient Greeks, and it is a spiritual legacy left by the ancient Greeks to future generations.
Aesop's fables are concise, vivid, imaginative, philosophical, ideological and artistic. Among them, the farmer and snake, fox and grape, wolf and lamb, tortoise and rabbit race, shepherd boy and wolf, farmer and his children have become household names all over the world.
This book has the largest number of readers in the world and has the greatest influence on western ethics and political thought. The essence of eastern and western folk literature and the crystallization of the wisdom of working people. The book 100 which has influenced human culture is one of the oldest fables in the world.
Aesop's Fables is the oldest collection of fables in the world, with short length and informal form. Simple stories often shine with the light of wisdom, and generate shines with the spark of wisdom, which contains profound implications. It is not only an enlightenment textbook to instill the concept of good, evil, beauty and ugliness in children, but also a life textbook, which has a great influence on future generations. In the history of European literature, it laid the foundation for fable creation. Aesop's Fables is often quoted by literary works and even political works all over the world, either as a metaphor for reasoning or as a weapon of attack and satire. The essence of this book still has positive practical significance. In the history of the development of European fables, ancient Greek fables occupy an important position. It initiated the development of European fables and influenced the whole process of the development of European fables. Fable is a kind of folk oral creation, which mainly reflects people's life wisdom, including social activities, productive labor and daily life. Aesop's Fables is compiled from various manuscripts handed down from generation to generation, including more than 300 fables, some of which are widely known. Animals in Aesop's fables, except some animals, generally have no fixed personality characteristics, such as foxes and wolves. Sometimes they are endowed with negative personality, and sometimes they are affirmed. This is different from the basic stereotyped personality characteristics formed by later fables.
This is a book worth reading.
3. Introduction to the author of How Steel was Tempered
Ostrovsky (1904- 1936), a famous Soviet writer, was born in an ordinary Ukrainian worker's family. /kloc-started working at the age of 0/2./kloc-joined the youth league at the age of 0/5 and participated in the civil war to defend the Soviet regime. 1920 changed jobs due to serious injuries, plunged into the trend of economic construction, and was responsible for the middle and lower level leaders of the Youth League Committee and the Party. He is a Soviet: "excellent proletarian fighter". After his paralysis and blindness caused by the recurrence of injury, he re-entered the road of literary creation and won the highest honor of the country-Lenin Medal with 1935. 1936 is dead. There are not many works in his life, the most famous of which is How Steel was Tempered.
Content introduction
Describe Pavel Kochakin's hard life during the First World War, the October Revolution, the Civil War and the national economic recovery.
Paul lost his father in his early years, his mother washed and cooked for others and his brother was a worker. When Paul 12 years old, his mother sent him to the station canteen to do odd jobs. He was humiliated.
When the October Revolution broke out, the old Bolshevik Zhu was doing underground work in the town. Zhu told Paul a lot about revolution, the working class and class struggle.
Zhu was arrested by bandits. Paul ran away with Zhu. Paul was thrown into prison because of Victor's informer. After he got out of prison, Paul jumped into Tonya's garden. Tonya and Paul are in love.
In the fierce battle, Paul was seriously injured in the head. After leaving the hospital, he took part in the work of restoring and building the country. The gap between Tonya and Paul's thoughts is getting bigger and bigger, so they go their separate ways.
At the end of the road construction project, Paul got typhoid fever and his health became worse and worse. 1927, he was almost completely paralyzed, and then he went blind. On the one hand, he is determined to help his wife make progress; On the other hand, I decided to start literary creation. In this way, "Paul took up new weapons and started a new life."
Love entanglements with tonia, open friendship with Rita and sincere feelings for Daya show the purity of Paul's spiritual world.
theme
How Steel was Tempered is an excellent novel that describes the growth process of new people and reveals their excellent qualities. This book created the glorious image of Pavel Colta King, and praised his spirit of self-improvement, strong will, hard work and courage to fight against diseases during the revolutionary war. The book is full of revolutionary passion and idealism, which gives people a strong shock, thus affecting several generations. ...
When a British journalist asked the author why he named this book How Steel was Tempered, ostrovsky replied, "Steel is cast and quenched in fire. Only in this way can we become hard and not afraid of anything. Our generation was also tempered in such struggles and arduous tests, and learned not to be decadent in front of life. "
This title vividly summarizes the ideological content he wants to express; The growth path and ideological character of my generation.
The novel tells people through Paul Kochakin's growth path that only by defeating the enemy in the hardships of the revolution can we defeat ourselves, and only by linking our pursuit with the interests of the motherland and the people can we create miracles and grow into an iron warrior. Revolutionaries are tempered into steel in struggle, which is an important theme of the novel.
By revealing Paul's resolute character of daring to overcome any difficulties and hardships for the cause of the party and the people, the novel vividly tells the younger generation what is the ideal of productism and how to work hard for its understanding. What kind of life revolutionary soldiers should lead is another theme of the novel. What Paul said in mourning for his female comrade-in-arms, Valen's grave, is a confession of his materialistic outlook on life and an exposition of the theme of the novel:
"Life is the most precious thing for people, and life belongs to people only once. This is how people should spend their lives; When he looks back on the past, he will not regret wasting his time, nor will he be ashamed of being mediocre; In this way, when he dies, he can say,' My life and all my energy have been devoted to the most magnificent cause in the world-the struggle for the liberation of mankind.' "
The theme of the novel can be summarized as follows: one's life should be spent like Paul Kochakin.
4. Education of love
Friends of the author
This is a diary novel, which records the life of primary school students in grade four and nine months in Amway. Love is the theme of the whole novel. Between the most plain lines, there are all kinds of greatest loves in the world: teachers' love, students' love, parents' love, children's love and classmates' love ... each kind of love is not earth-shattering, but touching and thought-provoking. The whole novel examines the beauty and ugliness, good and evil around him with the most unpolluted eyes of a primary school student. Here is the chivalrous act of Carlo, a proud friend of Amway, and the help of Derossi, the monitor with excellent academic performance. There are also Vatini's vanity and narrowness, and Nopis's arrogance and rudeness; There is also a simple and lovely "little stonemason", and there is an indomitable close ... who is completely using love to feel the bits and pieces of life.
The Education of Love is a great novel written by the Italian writer Armitage in the past ten years. The author was born in Onetia, a small village in Gulias, on June 3rd1846+1October 3rd/KLOC-0. He loved learning and writing since he was a child, and published his first novel "Life in the Barracks" in 1868, which became famous in one fell swoop. From 65438 to 0886, The Education of Love was published, which made his creative career reach its peak.
5. Andersen's fairy tales
Andersen is a famous Danish fairy tale writer in the19th century and the founder of world literary fairy tales. He was born in a poor shoemaker's family in odense. He studied in a charity school and was an apprentice in his early years. Influenced by his father and folk oral literature, he loved literature since childhood. 1 1 years old, my father died of illness and my mother remarried. In order to pursue art, he came to Copenhagen alone at the age of 14. After eight years of struggle, I finally showed my talent in the poetic drama Alfsol. Therefore, he was sent to Srager Segrammar School and Helsingo School for free by the Royal Art Theatre. It lasted for five years. 1828 went to Gorhagen University. I haven't had a job since graduation, and I mainly rely on the manuscript fee to make a living. 1838, he won a writer's prize-an unofficial allowance from the state for 200 yuan every year.
Andersen never got married, and died at the home of his friend and businessman Melchior on August 4th, 1875.
Andersen's literary career began at 1822. In his early days, he mainly wrote poems and plays. After entering the university, the creation has become increasingly mature. He has published travel notes, musical comedies, poetry collections and poetic dramas. The novel Impromptu Poet published by 1833 has won him an international reputation and is his masterpiece of adult literature.
"In order to strive for the next generation", Andersen decided to write fairy tales for children and published A Story for Children. In the next few years, such a collection of fairy tales will be published every Christmas. Later, he continued to publish new works, and it was not until 1872 that he gradually stopped writing because of cancer. In the past 40 years, * * * has written 168 fairy tales.
Andersen's fairy tales have a unique artistic style: poetic beauty and comedy humor. The former is the dominant style, which is mostly reflected in eulogistic fairy tales, while the latter is mostly reflected in satirical fairy tales.
Andersen's creation can be divided into three periods: early, middle and late. Early fairy tales are full of beautiful fantasy and optimistic spirit, which embodies the combination of realism and romanticism. Representative works include Light Box, Flowers of Little Significance, Thumbelina, Daughter of the Sea, Wild Swan and Ugly Duckling. In the middle fairy tale, the fantasy component is weakened and the reality component is relatively enhanced. In lashing ugliness and praising beauty, it shows the persistent pursuit of a better life, and also reveals the melancholy mood of lack of self-confidence. Representative works include The Little Match Girl, dairy queen, Shadow, A Drop of Water, Mother's Story, Puppet Player, etc. Fairy tales in the later period are more realistic than those in the middle period, focusing on describing the tragic fate of the bottom people and exposing the coldness and darkness of social life and the injustice of the world. The tone of the work is low. Representative works include Dream under the Willow, She is a Waste, Nightcap of a Bachelor, Lucky Beauty and so on.
Introduction to goddess
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Poetry collection. Author Guo Moruo. The main poems from 19 19 to 192 1 year. Together with 57 preface poems. Most of them were written by poets while studying in Japan. Among them, the representative poems are Nirvana of Phoenix, Rebirth of Goddess, Coal in the Furnace, Sunrise, Vision of Mount Bili, The Good Earth and My Mother! Tengu, Good Morning, Standing on the Edge of the Earth and so on. In the form of poetry, it broke through the shackles of the old style, created a bold and unrestrained free verse style, opened up a new world for the development of free poetry after the May 4th Movement, and became the cornerstone of China's new poetry. Nowadays, People's Literature Publishing House has a 1957 edition, which has been reprinted many times.
China's new poetry developed with the May 4th Cultural Movement and the poetry revolution. The liberation of poetic style began with Hu Shi and was completed by poets who practiced the concept of "literature for life" in the literary research society. 192 1 year, the creation society with Guo Moruo as the banner was established, which can be described as "a sudden emergence of a new army" and turned its attention to "a life full of defects". If we say that Hu Shi, who initiated the "great liberation of poetic style", and his "Trial Collection" can only be regarded as the boundary between old and new poems; Then, it is Guo Moruo and his goddess who can be called the pioneers and masterpieces of the new poetry revolution.
Goddess uses mythical themes, poetic genres and symbolism to reflect reality. Among them, The Goddess Rebirth symbolizes the civil war in China at that time. The poet once said, "* * * workers symbolize the south, and Zhuan Xu symbolizes the north. We want to build a third China-beautiful China." However, the poet's early social ideal is vague. He once said: "In the beginning, nature was indifferent, only vaguely opposed to the old society and wanted to establish a new society. What the new society looks like and how to build it is very embarrassing. " So the goddess wants to create a fresh sun, but it is still a slim creation, just an ideal vision and a bright pursuit. However, during the May 4th Movement, it inspired the youth.
The artistic network of the goddess is the unity of diversity. Passion is like lightning and thunder, and volcanoes erupt; Gentle as the breeze and the bright moon, a trickle. The artistic style of the masterpiece Tiangou in Goddess belongs to the former. This poem was written in the explosive period of Guo Moruo's new poetry creation, which is the most passionate moment for young Guo Moruo. The style of this poem is strong, violent and tense.
At first, the poet called himself "Tiangou" and could swallow the moon, the sun and all the planets. And "I am me" is the pride brought by the full publicity of personality. Therefore, it is the poet's ode to the liberation of personality under the spirit of the May 4th Movement, and it is precisely because of the courage to overcome all the constraints on personality development that personality can be fully developed. May 4th New Talents have unlimited energy: "I am the total energy at the bottom of Yu Quan Temple!" Such a new person in the May 4th Movement will change the mountains and rivers, the earth and the universe. "I run, I scream, I burn ..." The emotional power released by the poem is like a violent hurricane and a rushing torrent, which produced a strong shock wave at that time. I Fly is an exciting cry, which fully shows the painful process of personality liberation during the May 4th Movement. In a word, Tiangou is a soul-stirring spiritual hymn played during the May 4th Movement. What people first heard from the poems of the May 4th Movement was the brave and roaring voice of the times. The heroic spirit of "Tiangou", which can devour "all planets", is precisely the spiritual reappearance of the May 4th Movement, which demands the destruction of all traditions and the old world.
And "Tiangou" is just a small spray that the poet's emotion and art collide, merge and splash in the creation of "Goddess". It can be seen that Goddess's creative imagination is rich and peculiar, and her lyricism is bold and enthusiastic, which is a must in poetry. Its unparalleled romantic artistic color will be a dazzling light that shines on the gallery of poetry art; Its burning poems, like a noisy heat wave, roared the strongest sound of the May 4th Movement.
Theme concept:
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Goddess is a typical embodiment of the spirit of Strauss during the May 4th Movement, and its ideological content focuses on the following three aspects:
First, the strong demand for personality liberation.
In literature, it is required to publicize oneself, respect individuality and take self-expression as the standard. Through the discovery of "self" and the affirmation of self-worth, the voice of personality liberation is expressed.
For example, the "Tiangou" in "Tiangou" broke all the snares and destroyed the powerful image of all the old things, which was the extreme exaggeration of poetry required by the liberation of personality in that era.
The self-image of bathing in the sea is also the catharsis of poetry's self-liberation of personality. The requirement of this kind of personality liberation not only focuses on the individual, but the poet regards individual liberation as the premise of social, national and national liberation and integrates them into one.
In "The Earth, My Mother", we can see his appeal for personality liberation, showing the consistency of the interests of the working masses.
Second, singing resistance, rebellion and creative spirit
Resistance and rebellion are manifested in:
When Goddess was born, China was a dark prison, which inspired the poet's rebellious spirit.
For example, the song of Phoenix before self-immolation in "Phoenix Nirvana" gives a very real and painful description of the decadent old world. Phoenix's self-immolation is an act of resistance to the old world, and it is a strong outbreak and burning of the spirit of resistance.
In "I am an Idolater", the poet claimed to worship everything that symbolizes life in nature and society, denied all artificial idols and all old traditions that stifle vitality, and showed extreme contempt for feudal authority.
Ode to the Gangster praised Lenin, Russell, Nietzsche and others together, expressing his firm will to follow their footsteps and stand up and resist.
The spirit of innovation is manifested in:
1, "Standing on the Edge of the Earth" believes that constant destruction and constant creation are the laws of the development of all things.
2. Eulogize the scientific civilization of the 20th century, such as Prospect of Bilishan.
3. For the praise of the magical power of nature, the nature described by the poet is fully humanized. Such as "Good morning" and "Guang Hai".
Third, the expression of patriotic feelings.
It is not difficult to see the poet's deep nostalgia and infinite love for the motherland from the images of the girl in the furnace in Goddess and the phoenix reborn in Phoenix Nirvana.
Briefly describe the basic tendency and creative characteristics of Guo Moruo's novels.
1. The basic tendency of Guo Moruo's novels is strong patriotism and the rebellious spirit of boldly resisting the old world.
2. The creation is characterized by emotionalism, which belongs to the category of romanticism and is influenced by modernism. For example, "Can Chun" is the earliest work using the stream of consciousness technique in the May 4th New Literature.
3. Historical novels occupy a special position in Guo Moruo's novel creation. They help readers understand the difference between good and evil and know the reasons for their rise and fall.
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Artistic features:
Analysis of Romantic Features in Goddess
Guo Moruo's Goddess is a collection of romantic poems, and its main features are:
1, romantic spirit. Romanticism emphasizes subjectivity and self-expression. Goddess is a poem of self-expression, and the phoenix in the poem is the poet's self-expression. The subjective spirit of "self" in poetry is a strong spirit of resistance and rebellion and an idealistic spirit of pursuing light.
2. The performance of explosive venting. Romanticism is mainly expressed by expressing one's mind directly, which is an explosive catharsis in poetry, which is most typical in poems such as Phoenix Nirvana.
3. Strange imagination and exaggeration. Such as swallowing the moon from the mouth of folk dogs, imagining dogs swallowing the whole universe, "barking like the sea" and so on This extremely exaggerated strange imagination can best express the strong demand for personality liberation and the spirit of resistance and rebellion against the old world.
4. In the way of image depiction, it has a heroic style.
5. Language has a strong subjective color. Some sentences describing nature infected the poet's subjective feelings at that time.
Artistic value:
This paper analyzes and evaluates the position and shortcomings of Goddess in the history of the development of modern new poetry in China.
Guo Moruo's Goddess is a new collection of poems with poetic style. This is its position in the history of the development of new poetry.
First, ideological content. The goddess embodies the spirit of the May 4th Movement. Its revolutionary spirit of thoroughly opposing imperialism and feudalism, resisting all the old forces, and longing for the light. , is the strongest expression of sturm und drang's spirit of the times in the May 4th Movement.
2. In art, Goddess is the pioneering work of China's romantic new poetry, which opened up and formed the genre of romantic new poetry. Goddess is unique with its distinctive romanticism. His strong feelings and beautiful artistic image had an important influence on the romantic poets at that time and later.
Thirdly, in the form of poetry, Goddess is a peak of free verse, which sets a good example for the innovation and creation of poetry. It completely broke through the shackles of the old poetry meter. Verses and verses have no fixed length and rhythm has no fixed format.