brief introduction
The new book, also known as Jia Zi, is written by Jia Yi, with a total volume of 10, of which 58 are on Qin, and 56 are extant, which basically reflects Jia Yi's thoughts. The main content is "punishing the funeral of Qin dynasty", and suggesting various public security policies to the rulers in the early Han dynasty. On Qin is the masterpiece of Jia Yizheng's thesis, and it is also an important article about the reasons for the rise and fall of Qin in his early days. It is divided into three parts.
Jia Yi (200 BC-BC 168), a native of Luoyang (now east of Luoyang, Henan), was a politician, writer and thinker in the early Western Han Dynasty. Wendi repeatedly wrote articles criticizing current politics, and was later demoted as Teacher Wang of Changsha.
On Qin Dynasty (I)
According to the solid letter (1), Qin Xiaogong holds the land of Yongzhou (2), and the monarch and his subjects stick to it to get a glimpse of Zhou. It means sweeping the world, including the whole world, and annexing the Eight Wastes. At that time, Shang (3). Domestic legislation, cultivation and weaving, and maintenance of war tools; Against the prince outside the company. So the Qin people surrendered and took the Xijiang River.
Since Xiao Cheng is gone, Huiwen, Kung Fu and Zhao Zhao have all inherited their careers. Because of its legacy, Hanzhong in the south, Ba and Shu in the west, fertile land in the east, and key counties. The princes were afraid, and they United to weaken the state of Qin. I don't love precious and fertile land, so that people all over the world can live in harmony. At this time, there are Meng Chang, Zhao Pingyuan, Chu Chunshen and Wei Xinling. These four monarchs are all wise, faithful, generous, caring, and respect for virtuous people. They are all members of Korea, Wei, Yan, Chu, Qi, Zhao, Song, Wei and Zhongshan. So the people of the six countries, including Ning Yue, Xu Shang, Su Qin and Du He, worked for it, while Qi Ming, Zhou Zui, Chen Yi, Zhao Liu, Lou Man, Zhai Jing, Su Li and Le Yi worked for it, while Wuqi, Sun Bin, Dai Tuo, Ni Liang, Liao Wang, Tian Ji, Lian Po and Zhao She worked for it. Taste ten times as many millions of people, knocking on the customs and attacking Qin. The Qin people switched on and off to delay the enemy, and the division of the Nine Kingdoms wandered around and fled, afraid to enter ④. Wu Qin's death cost him money, but the ruler of the world has been trapped. So from loosening, fighting for territory, bribing Qin. The state of Qin spared no effort to control its disadvantages, chasing after death and driving north, burying millions of corpses, bleeding and drowning, taking advantage of the situation, killing the world and splitting rivers and mountains. Strong countries seek surrender, and weak countries enter the DPRK.
Be filial to King Wen and King Xiang (5), and enjoy the country short, and the country has nothing to do. When Emperor Fen VI was fierce, he made a long-term plan, captured the palace, swallowed the princes who died within two weeks, set up Liuhe, and beat the world with a whip. Take the land of Baiyue in the south as Guilin and Xiang Jun; Baiyue Wang bowed his head and tightened his neck, appointing officials. Is to let Meng Tian build the Great Wall in the north and keep the fence. The Huns are only more than 700 miles away; The conference semifinals dare not go south to herd horses, and the scholars dare not bow to their knees. Therefore, Wang Zhidao's words of "a hundred schools of thought contend" will be nullified. In the famous city, Hao Jun was killed, Xianyang was taken, and soldiers gathered all over the world. The dysprosium was sold and cast into twelve gold people, weakening the people all over the world. Then Jianhua will become a city, because the river is a pool, and according to the city of 100 million feet, it will flow unexpectedly. A good general will guard the key points with his crossbow; I am a loyal minister, but who is Chen Libing? The world is set, and the emperor's heart begins, thinking that Guanzhong is solid, Jincheng is thousands of miles away, and the descendants of the emperor will always have a career.
The first emperor didn't, and the rest were inspired by the common customs. However, Chen She's son Weng Huan's rope pivot is a self-protection official, and so are immigrants. Unexpectedly, they are not as good as Chinese people, as sages in Zhong Ni and Mo Zhai, as well as wealthy businessmen in Tao Zhu and Yidun. Sneaking among the ranks, standing in the middle of the building, the exhausted soldiers turned and hundreds of people attacked Qin. Cutting firewood for soldiers, uncovering poles as flags, the whole world responded, winning the scenery of the five grains from the Shandong Haojun, and then dying in the Qin family.
Moreover, the world is not small and weak, and Yongzhou is solid and self-sufficient. Chen She's position is not respected by Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Song, Wei and Zhongshan. Hoe thorns, which is different from the long shovel of the hook; The people stationed in the garrison are not resistant to the division of the nine countries; Far-sightedness and the way to March with troops are not the same as at that time. However, success and failure are different, and achievements are the opposite. Try to make Lu and Chen She bigger and bigger, and we can't talk about it in the same year. However, it has been more than a hundred years since the Qin Dynasty had the right to take a thousand riders and woo eight states in the same column. Then take Liuhe as home and faith as palace. Water under the bridge, but difficult to be alone. Benevolence and kindness are not applied, and the tendency to attack and defend is different.
To annotate ...
(1) Xi 'ao: Lushan, in the west of Henan Province; Letter: Hanguguan, in the northeast of Lingbao, Henan Province today. ② Yongzhou: the main ruling area of Qin State, now the eastern and northern Shaanxi and parts of Gansu. 3 Shang Jun: Shang Yang. 4 ū (qūn) patrol: ū, retreat; Wandering around, afraid to move forward. ⑤ Stone (Y): Continued. Liuhe: heaven and earth are everywhere, referring to the world in general. 7 win: shoulder, shoulder; Scene: Through "shadow", shadow. ⑧ ⑦ (xiān): sharp.
translate
Qin Xiaogong occupied the dangerous terrain of Xiaoshan and Hanguguan, and occupied the land of Yongzhou. The monarch and ministers firmly grasped it and waited for the opportunity to seize the power of the Zhou Dynasty. He has the intention of sweeping the world, conquering the nation and controlling the four seas, and has the ambition of annexing the four sides. At this time, Shang Yang assisted him in establishing the legal system in China, developing agriculture and textile industry, and repairing offensive and defensive equipment; Implementing a balanced strategy in foreign countries has made the governors of various countries fight against each other. In this way, the Qin people easily seized the west bank of the Yellow River.
After Qin Xiaogong's death, King Huiwen, King Wu and Zhao Xiang successively inherited the inherent inheritance rights of Qin. They followed the strategy of filial piety, taking Hanzhong area in the south, Bashu area in the west, cutting fertile land in the east and receiving counties with dangerous terrain in the north. The governors of various countries were extremely afraid of this, so they joined forces to form an alliance in an attempt to weaken the state of Qin. They did not hesitate to recruit talented people from all over the world with rare treasures and fertile fiefs, and adopted the strategy of unity, mutual assistance and organic integration against Qin State. At that time, there were four sons in Qi, Zhao, Chu, Chun Shenjun, and Wei, Xin Lingjun. These four people are wise and faithful, generous and kind, and respect and reuse the wise men. They met to jointly break the balance of Qin State and gather the manpower of Korea, Wei, Yan, Chu, Zhao, Qi, Song, Wei, Zhongshan and other countries. So, among the six countries at that time, Ning Yue, Xu Shang, Su Qin and Doukhi helped to plan, Qi Ming, Zhou Zui, Chen Yi, Zhao Liu, Lou Man, Zhai Jing, Su Li and Le Yi helped to communicate opinions, and Wuqi, Sun Bin, Dai Tuo, Ni Liang, Tian Ji, Lian Po and Zhao She led the troops. They used to force Hanguguan to attack Qin with ten times the land and one million troops. The Qin people switched on and off to meet the enemy, and the nine armies retreated and fled, not daring to attack. Qin didn't spend many arrows, and all the princes in the world were doomed. In this way, the alliance was broken up, the Covenant was lifted, and everyone rushed to cede territory to please Qin. Therefore, the state of Qin has the spare capacity to use the vices of governors to subdue them. The Qin army pursued the defeated troops, causing numerous casualties, and shed blood to float up the shield. Qin took advantage of this advantage and convenience, and began to dominate the world and split the mountains and rivers of other countries for himself. In this case, the strong countries demand obedience to Qin, and the weak countries obey Qin.
When it came to King Xiaowen and King Zhuangxiang, there was nothing important in the country because of his short reign. By the time of Qin Shihuang, he had greatly inherited the inheritance left by the six monarchs of Qin State, wielding a whip to control the world, annexing things, destroying the vassal states of the world, ruling the world on the throne of the emperor, and suppressing the people of the world with severe punishment, which shocked the whole world. He captured the Baiyue area in the south and established two counties, Guilin and Xiang Jun. The monarch of Baiyue bowed his head and tied a rope around his head and neck, and gave his life to the lower officials of Qin State. He sent Meng Tian to build the Great Wall in the north and guard this pass, so that the Huns retreated seven hundred miles; Ethnic minorities dare not go south to herd horses, and their soldiers dare not take up arms to retaliate. Therefore, Qin Shihuang abandoned the former king's way of benevolence and righteousness and burned hundreds of books, thinking that this would make the people ignorant; Destroy six famous cities, kill six powerful countries, gather weapons from all over the world in Xianyang, and cast twelve bronze men to weaken the power of all the people in the world. Then take Huashan as the wall and the Yellow River as the city, so that he can hold a 100 million-foot-long high city. Coupled with the unfathomable river defense, these have become solid barriers. Then send excellent generals to guard key places with strong crossbows; Send trusted ministers with elite soldiers and sharp weapons to severely question passers-by. In this way, the world seems to have settled down. Qin Shihuang believed that the terrain in Guanzhong was dangerous and the guards were impregnable. Children and grandchildren can naturally be emperors forever.
After the death of Qin Shihuang, his afterglow still shocked the minority areas with different customs. However, Chen She, who was born in poverty, had no land of his own and was sent to guard the border. His talent is not as good as ordinary people, his talent is not as good as Confucius and Mozi, and his wealth is not as good as Tao Zhu and Eton. But he was active in the troops assigned to guard the border, rose among the people in the countryside, led hundreds of exhausted guards and turned to attack Qin. He used the cut branches as weapons and raised bamboo poles as flags. People from all over the world gathered together and responded quickly. They followed him like shadows with food on their backs. Heroes of the six countries east of Xiaoshan also acted together, thus destroying Qin.
However, Qin's strength is not getting weaker and weaker. The topography of Yongzhou, the dangers and solidity of Xiaoshan and Hanguguan are still the same as before. Chen She is inferior to Qi, Chu, Yan, Zhao, Han, Wei, Song, Wei and Zhongshan. Hoes and jujube sticks are not as sharp as hooks, halberds and spears; The soldiers assigned to defend the border can't be compared with the troops of the nine countries; As far as foresight and command ability are concerned, (Chen She) can't compare with the wise men of the six countries at that time. But success and failure have gone through different changes, and achievements are diametrically opposite. If we compare the length and power of the governors to the east of Lushan Mountain with Chen She, Chen She can't compare with them. However, with its small territory, Qin developed into a force of 10,000 personnel carriers and occupied the world, which made other vassal States come to worship him for more than 100 years. From then on, the Qin dynasty took the world as its own, and took Lushan Mountain, Hanguguan and other dangerous and solid places as its own palace. But when an ordinary person attacked, the ancestral temple of the Qin Dynasty was destroyed, and the emperor was killed and became the object of ridicule. Why is this happening? Because the Qin dynasty did not practice benevolence and righteousness, the offensive and defensive situation changed fundamentally.