Princess Wencheng married Tibetans.

Princess Jincheng married the ruler Dani.

Zhang Jiantong's Western Regions

Zhao Sai

Xuanzang's journey to the west

Zheng he's voyages

Kyle Poirot: Returning to Xanadu

During the two hundred years from 630 to 834, the Japanese sent 19 envoys to China (among them, 15 arrived in China), with the number ranging from 200 to 500. This fully proved that Japan attached importance to Tang Wenhua at that time, and also explained the economic and cultural development in the Tang Dynasty. The touching story of Jian Zhen's six trips to the East represents the sincere desire of the people of China for friendly exchanges with their neighbors. The friendly exchanges between China and Japan not only promoted the reform of Japan's political and economic system and the progress of social life, but also enriched the economic and cultural life of the Tang Dynasty.

China has frequent contacts with Tianzhu.

The communication between China people and Indian people is recorded in the history books of Han Dynasty. When Zhang Qian went to the Western Regions, he saw bamboo sticks and cloth made in Sichuan in the summer (now Afghanistan). In summer, people said that it was bought by merchants from ptomaine (then called yuán dú in China). This shows that our products were imported to India at that time. During the Tang Dynasty, the Indian Peninsula was collectively called Tianzhu. Tang has frequent contacts with Tianzhu, as follows: 1? The two sides kept sending envoys to make peace. In 64 1 year, Luo Yiduo, the corpse of Tianzhu King, "sent an envoy to the DPRK". Emperor Taizong also sent Liang Huaikai and Ji jìng Xuance to Tianzhu again and again. Gao Zong, Wu Zetian and Tang Xuanzong had frequent contacts with envoys and often gave gifts to each other. 2? The two sides have frequent economic and cultural exchanges. In 647, Magito of Tianzhu sent envoys to China to "offer Poirot trees and poplars". Immediately, Emperor Taizong sent people to Tianzhu to learn how to cook sugar. At the end of the 7th century, China's paper and papermaking were introduced to India through Nepal. Indian medicine, astronomical calendar, linguistics, music, dance, painting and architectural art were introduced to China in the Tang Dynasty. Sun Simiao's Qian Jin Fang quoted Tianzhu medicine and its theory. Tianzhu astronomer Luo, an official of the Tang Dynasty, wrote nine calendars. The monk and his party changed the calendar, referring to the nine calendars. Among the ten pieces of music in the Tang Dynasty, Tianzhu music is also very popular. The murals and sculptures in Dunhuang, Yungang and Longmen Grottoes are all influenced by the artistic style of Northern Tianzhu. Then Xuanzang traveled to the west.

The Tang Dynasty was active in foreign exchanges.

Because of its strong national strength, prosperous economy and developed culture, the Tang Dynasty was respected by all countries and enjoyed a high reputation. From this period on, the Tang Dynasty became the symbol of China, and people of all countries began to call China Tang people, which is still used in some countries.

The highly developed economy and culture in the Tang Dynasty attracted many countries. Muhammad, the founder of Islam, once said to his disciples: "Although learning is far away in China, you must also seek something." Before the Anshi Rebellion, the Tang Dynasty was in a period of strong stability, politically confident, and pursued the policy of "China's security and self-interest abroad"; Culturally, I also dare to be eclectic and let a hundred flowers blossom. Therefore, the Tang dynasty adopted a more open policy in foreign exchanges and encouraged foreign businessmen to trade in China. Coupled with the developed external transportation, envoys and businessmen from neighboring countries have come to China, and the number of countries trading with China has grown to more than 70, showing an unprecedented grand occasion. The culture and religion of the Tang Dynasty spread widely to eastern and western countries and had a great influence on many countries.

Tang envoys and overseas students

Japan was called Japan in ancient times and renamed Japan in Tang Dynasty. Since the Han Dynasty, Japan has had formal contacts with China. According to the Records of the Later Han Dynasty, when Emperor Guangwu of the Eastern Han Dynasty was in power, the Japanese sent envoys to China, and Emperor Guangwu granted him a seal. This gold seal is engraved with the words "the king of Han slaves" and has been found in Kyushu, Japan in modern times. During the Tang Dynasty, Japan was transformed into a feudal society. The high development of feudal economy in Tang Dynasty combined with social changes in Japan, resulting in the climax of economic and cultural exchanges between China and Japan. During the two hundred years from 630 to 838 after the establishment of the Tang Dynasty, the Japanese official envoys of the Tang Dynasty came to China *** 12 times. Otherwise, after the appointment, he did not make a trip, did not arrive in Tang Dynasty, welcomed Tang envoys, and sent them to Fujian six times. At least 250 people at a time, and at most 500 or 600 people. For example, 7 17 *** 557 people at a time. In 733, there were 594 people at a time. There were 65 1 person in 838, and a ship died in the storm. In fact, only about 500 people arrived in Tang. Therefore, the largest number of people in the Tang Dynasty was 594. The diplomatic envoys in Tang Dynasty are well-organized, including ambassadors, envoys, secretaries and officials. Members are translators, doctors, yin and yang teachers, painters, historians, shooters, musicians, fishermen, forgers, foundry workers, boatmen, boatswain, sailors, as well as many overseas students and learned monks. The envoys brought precious gifts such as pearls, silk, amber, agate and water weaving to the Tang Dynasty. 1970 The Japanese "Hetongkai" silver coin found in Xi 'an was probably brought to the Tang Dynasty by envoys. The Tang dynasty also sent back some high-grade silk, porcelain, musical instruments, cultural classics and so on. Some precious cultural relics of the Tang Dynasty, such as musical instruments, screens, bronze mirrors, nod swords, etc. , stored in the Masakura Yard of Toda Temple in Nara, Japan, which was brought back by the envoys of the Tang Dynasty.

In order to absorb China's cultural achievements, many Japanese students were sent to study in the Tang Dynasty, and they were assigned to imperial academy, Chang 'an to learn all kinds of expertise. After studying in China for a long time, they forged a deep friendship with poets and scholars in China. One of the most famous is Chao Heng. Overseas students and learned monks played a great role in spreading the system and culture of the Tang Dynasty.

Jianzhen

Jian Zhen (688-763) was born in Yangzhou. He became a monk at the age of 14, and his legal name was Jian Zhen. He has a deep understanding of Buddhist scriptures, especially good at it. In the first year of Tianbao (742), Japanese scholars Rong Rui and Pu Zhao visited Jian Zhen and invited him to represent Emperor Shengwu to spread Buddhism in Japan. Jian Zhen readily agreed, and immediately built a boat to prepare food for the following spring. Due to interference, the trip failed to take place. Jian Zhen was not discouraged. In December of the second year of Tianbao (743), he led more than 100 disciples, painters and craftsmen. , set out for Dongdaokou. On the way, the ship was damaged by huge waves and the eastward crossing failed. Then the third and fourth eastward crossings were still unsuccessful. In the seventh year of Tianbao (748), he crossed to the east for the fifth time, and once again encountered great winds and waves. The wind is steep, the water is black as ink, and the situation is sinister. With the swell, the ship suddenly went up the mountain and suddenly seemed to fall into a deep valley. The ship is short of fresh water, so drinking seawater makes it bloat. Drifting 14 days to reach the south of Hainan Island. This time, Rong Rui and Pu Zhao traveled together. Rong Rui died, Jian Zhen was blind, and 36 Chinese and Japanese personnel died in the fifth eastward crossing. In the 12th year of Tianbao (753), 66-year-old Jian Zhen led more than 20 people eastward on a Japanese wooden boat sent to the Tang Dynasty for the sixth time, and finally arrived in Kyushu, which was warmly welcomed. Jian Zhen lives in the most famous Dongda Temple in the capital Nara. The Tang Zhao Temple, designed and directed by him, was built in Nara, reflecting the latest achievements of architectural technology in the Tang Dynasty. He also spread the dry painting method of sculpture art (that is, the clip method, in which linen is coated on clay sculptures and pigments are repeatedly applied. After the paint dries, remove the soil and an image is formed. This is called deactivation dry paint. Painting a statue on a wooden model is called wood core dry paint. He sniffed medicine and identified many herbs for Japan. He lived in Japan for 10 years and made great contributions to the cultural exchange between China and Japan. After his death in the first year of Guangde (763), he was buried in Tangzhaoti Temple in Nara. According to legend, the dry lacquer statue of Jian Zhen created by his disciples has been placed in the temple and has been designated as a national treasure of Japan. It is the earliest portrait sculpture in Japanese art history. The shaping and long-term preservation of the statue of Jian Zhen reflects the Japanese people's cherish of the Sino-Japanese friendship tradition. Jian Zhen is regarded as a great benefactor of Japanese culture. 1980, the dry lacquer statue of Jian Zhen was sent back to his hometown Yangzhou by Japanese friends to visit relatives, and then toured in Beijing, showing the continuous development of the friendship between the Chinese and Japanese peoples.

The Influence of Tang Dynasty Culture on Japan

Through the continuous communication between China and Japan, Japan is deeply influenced by China in politics, economy, military affairs, culture, production technology and even lifestyle. Among them, the most influential was Japan's "innovation" in 646. This reform has played a great role for Hyunri in Gaoxiang and monks who have been studying in China for a long time. They imitated the system of Sui and Tang Dynasties, reformed the system of officials from central to local, imitated the imperial examination system of Sui and Tang Dynasties, and adopted the method of passing the examination to select officials. Referring to the laws of Sui and Tang Dynasties, the Dabao Law was formulated.

In 709 AD, Japan moved its capital to Pingchengjing (now Nara). The building scale of the capital city completely imitates Chang 'an, and even the width and arrangement of streets are almost the same. There are also names such as Suzaku Street, East City and West City. In the late 8th century, Japan moved its capital to Ping 'an (now Kyoto), still imitating Chang 'an as its capital.

Before the 8th century, the Japanese used Chinese characters as a narrative tool. Kibi No Asomi Makibi, an overseas student, and Konghai, a monk, created Japanese kana letters-Katakana and Hiragana-on the basis of Japanese phonetic notation of Chinese characters in China, which greatly promoted the development of Japanese culture. At the same time, Japanese vocabulary and grammar are also influenced by Chinese.

Japanese living habits and holiday customs were also influenced by the Tang Dynasty.

Silla envoys and overseas students

Korea, Baekje and Silla on the Korean Peninsula had contacts with China in the early Tang Dynasty. After Silla unified most of the Korean Peninsula in 675, it maintained friendly relations with the Tang Dynasty until the end of the Tang Dynasty. The two countries send envoys to each other and constantly travel by land and sea. The poem "I was ordered to bid farewell and the whole city sent an envoy" was sent to Silla as an envoy, which shows that Chinese people attach importance to sending envoys to Silla. King Silla constantly sent envoys to Chang 'an with precious gifts, and the Tang Dynasty often gave Silla precious gifts. During the Kaiyuan period, Zeng Zeng gave Silla 300 beautiful silks at a time (in the Tang Dynasty, ten silks were mixed, usually including two silks, two silks, two silks and four silks). Silla sent a large number of international students to study in Chang 'an. Silla was the largest number of overseas students in the Tang Dynasty. In 837, there were as many as 2 16 students in Silla in the Tang Dynasty. In 840, there were 105 Silla students who returned to China after completing their studies. From 82 1 to the end of the Tang Dynasty, 58 students from Silla took the imperial examination in the Tang Dynasty and obtained the title of "guest scholar" (meaning foreign scholar). Cui Zhiyuan/Kloc-came to the Tang Dynasty at the age of 0/2, and/Kloc-Jinshi at the age of 0/8, and returned to Silla at the age of 29. He wrote 20 volumes of Gui Bi Yuan Geng in Chinese, which preserved a large number of historical materials of China at that time, and it is still a valuable material for us to study the history of the Tang Dynasty. It is recorded in the Book of the New Tang Dynasty, which shows that attention was paid to it at that time. Silla students returned home and brought back many China cultural classics, which played a great role in absorbing and spreading Tang Wenhua.

Cui Zhiyuan

Cui Zhiyuan (857-? ), the word solitary cloud, sea cloud. Silla scholars and poets. When I was a teenager, I went to study in the Tang Dynasty and was admitted to Jinshi. After returning home, Cui Zhiyuan worked as a waiter and a bachelor of Hanlin, and lived in seclusion in his later years because he was dissatisfied with state affairs. He devoted himself to spreading Confucian culture and promoted the academic and literary development of Silla. He published 20 volumes of poems and essays, Guigeng, which attracted the attention of China literary circles.

Silla businessmen come to China to do business.

The trade between the Tang Dynasty and the Korean Peninsula was very prosperous. Silla merchants did a lot of trade in the Tang Dynasty, starting from Dengzhou (now Penglai, Shandong Province) and Laizhou (now Laizhou, Shandong Province) in the north and reaching Chuzhou (now Huai 'an, Jiangsu Province) and Yangzhou in the south. There is Xinluo Pavilion in Chuzhou and Xinluo Square in Laizhou, both of which are places where Xinluo people live in concentrated communities. Silla merchants brought cattle, horses, ramie cloth, paper, folding fans and ginseng to the Tang Dynasty and sold silk, tea, porcelain, medicinal materials and books of the Tang Dynasty. Silla products ranked first in the imports of the Tang Dynasty.

Tang Wenhua's Influence on North Korea

Silla people have extensively studied China's politics, history, philosophy, astronomy, calendar and medicine. China's political and economic system has a great influence on Silla. In the mid-8th century, Silla imitated the political system of the Tang Dynasty and rebuilt its own administrative organization. The central government set up a deacon province, which was equivalent to the Shangshu province in the Tang Dynasty. Deacon province consists of three governments and three departments, which is equivalent to six departments in the Tang Dynasty. In the late 8th century, Silla also adopted the imperial examination system to select officials, taking Confucian classics as the examination content. Pyongyang, the capital of Silla, was built in imitation of Chang 'an and Luoyang, and also divided into Miyagi, Imperial City and Outer Guo Cheng. In 675, Silla began to adopt the calendar of the Tang Dynasty. Silla MD teaches students with China medical books such as Materia Medica Classic. Korean culture also had a certain influence on the Tang Dynasty. Their music is very popular with the people of China. One of the ten pieces of music set by Emperor Taizong of Tang Dynasty is Koryo music.

Xuanzang's journey to the west

Xuanzang (600-664) was born in Luozhou (now Gouzhen, Yanshi, Henan) and became a monk at the age of 13. Later people called him Master Sanzang (Sanzang is the general name of Buddhist classic trilogy-Buddhist scriptures, precepts, explanations and annotations, and monks who are familiar with Sanzang are called Master Sanzang). In the early Tang Dynasty, he studied Buddhist theory in Sichuan and Chang 'an. He felt that there were many sects of Buddhism and many mistakes in the translation of Buddhist scriptures, which made people at a loss. He is determined to study Buddhist scriptures in Tianzhu and study and solve some difficult problems in Buddhist teachings. In the first year of Zhenguan (627), he set out from Chang 'an, mingled with merchants who returned to the Western Regions, and left Yumenguan westward alone. After eight hundred miles of quicksand (that is, the Mohe Yanqi outside Yumenguan), it crossed Xinjiang from Tianshan South Road, crossed the Green Ridge, crossed Central Asia, and reached the northwest of Tianzhu in the late summer of the second year of Zhenguan (628). Then along a route from west to east, he visited the famous Buddhist holy places and many eminent monks in the Ganges Valley. At the end of the fifth year of Zhenguan (63 1), I went to the Mohist Tuoguo and came to Nalanduo Temple.

Nalanduo Temple is the highest institution of Buddhism in Tianzhu. The monk who lives in this temple is an authority on Indian Buddhism. He is 90 years old and has stopped giving lectures. In order to show his friendship with China, he took Xuanzang as a disciple and taught him the most difficult Buddhist sutra-yoga theory. Xuanzang spent five years studying Buddhism theory with excellent results and became one of the top ten exorcists in Nalanduo Temple. Then he went out to study, traveled to the Indian Peninsula, and participated in Buddhist debates many times all the way, which made him famous in Tianzhu. In the fifteenth year of Zhenguan (64 1), he returned to Nalanduo Temple to give lectures. An opponent of the Nalanduo Sect wrote a paper and presented it to the king of the Anti-Japanese War, claiming that no one could refute a word of it. King Jieri handed the paper to Jiexian and decided to hold an academic conference in the capital Qunv City. Xuanzang and 1000 monks attended the meeting on behalf of Nalanduo Temple. King Jerzy received Xuanzang and asked about the music of Emperor Taizong and China. Xuanzang introduced China's politics, economy, culture, art and the achievements of Emperor Taizong. The king of the Anti-Japanese War was very interested in this and immediately sent a special envoy to Chang 'an Hao Tong. In December of the 16th year of Zhenguan (642), the group women's city debate competition began. More than 3000 kings, Buddhists and Brahmins from Tianzhu 18 attended the meeting. Xuanzang served as the main speaker of the conference. He wrote a paper refuting the man in Sanskrit and read it out at the meeting as the theme of the debate. At the same time, I copied a copy and hung it at the door of the venue. According to the usual practice, whoever can refute a sentence according to reason will be beheaded and apologize. But five days later, no one came to argue. The conference lasted 18 days, and everyone was deeply impressed by Xuanzang's incisive remarks. On the day of the conference, King Jieri and King 18 exchanged generous gifts, which were both declined by Xuanzang. Finally, the king of the Anti-Japanese War begged Xuanzang to ride an elephant decorated with beautiful buildings and make a detour to meet the congregation.

In the seventeenth year of Zhenguan (643), Xuanzang refused the repeated detention of the Japanese king and decided to return to China. King Jerzy and the locals sent him dozens of miles away before breaking up in tears. In the first month of the 19th year of Zhenguan (645), Xuanzang returned to Chang 'an with 657 Buddhist scriptures. Emperor Taizong sent Prime Minister Fang and others out of the city to meet the enemy, and thousands of people from Chang 'an went out of the city to meet them. Emperor Taizong summoned him in Luoyang Palace, and he introduced the Western Regions and Tianzhu to Emperor Taizong. He immediately returned to Chang 'an and began to translate Buddhist scriptures. During the period of 19, * * * translated 75 Buddhist scriptures, totaling 1 335 volumes. Because he has a high literacy of China culture and is proficient in Sanskrit, his translation is fluent and beautiful, and some special terms such as "India" and the word "moment" indicating time are all determined by him. Most of these Buddhist scriptures were later lost in India, and the Chinese version became an important document for studying ancient Indian religion, philosophy, literature and science.

Xuanzang also wrote a book "The Tale of the Western Regions of Datang" based on his own travels, which recorded the situation of 1 10 countries and 28 rumored countries, including the geographical location, roads, territory, cities, population, customs and customs of Xinjiang and Central Asia, Afghanistan, Pakistan, India, Bangladesh, Nepal, Sri Lanka and other countries and regions. Now, The Tale of the Western Regions of Datang has been translated into many languages and become a world masterpiece.

Academic trends

China's position in the world during the Sui and Tang Dynasties

Sui and Tang Dynasties were a glorious period in Chinese history, and also had an important influence in world history, forming a glorious page in world history. The economic and cultural exchanges between China and foreign countries during the Sui and Tang Dynasties and the status of the Sui and Tang Dynasties in world history are now becoming the focus of academic research, and many works have been published. Many scholars believe that: (1) China's system in the Sui and Tang Dynasties was in a leading position in the world history. In the history of all advanced countries at that time, no country entered the feudal society earlier than China. When the Sui Dynasty was founded, the feudal system in Western Europe lasted only one century. As the center of feudalism in Europe, France was 700 years behind China in terms of the beginning of feudalism. (2) In terms of social and economic prosperity, Sui and Tang Dynasties were first-class in the world at that time. At that time, the major cities in the world were Chang 'an, Constantinople and Baghdad. Chang 'an had a population of one million, Constantinople had 800,000, and Baghdad was even less. Chang 'an has the largest population, which not only reflects its industrial and commercial development, but also shows that its agricultural production has reached a higher level. (3) The high culture of Sui and Tang Dynasties made China the birthplace of oriental culture, which had an important influence on the civilized development of Asian countries such as Japan and Korea. (4) Sui and Tang Dynasties were the center of economic and cultural exchanges between the East and the West at that time. The fact that China's silk products and papermaking were introduced to the eastern and western countries in the Sui and Tang Dynasties, and that China's Buddhism, poetry and science and technology were introduced to the eastern countries in large quantities, proves that China in the Sui and Tang Dynasties played a bridge role in the cultural exchange between the east and the west. Therefore, the Sui and Tang Dynasties played a very important role not only in the history of China, but also in the history of the world at that time.

Picture description

Official tribute map

During the Tang Dynasty, many foreign envoys came to China not far from Wan Li to present their rare treasures to Emperor China, which was an important way of communication between China and foreign countries. The Official Tribute Map reflects the vivid scene of remote ethnic groups and foreign envoys paying tribute to the Tang Dynasty. In the picture, the special envoy is riding a big horse, and the guards around him protect him. There were many people behind the envoys, some carrying birdcages, some carrying ivory, some carrying peacock palm fans, and some walking and talking happily with treasures on their heads. The author of this painting is Yan Lide of the Tang Dynasty. This painting is 6 1.3 cm high and 0/91.5 cm wide.

Kaiyuan Bao Tong in Tang Dynasty

Kaiyuan Bao Tong, also known as Kaiyuan Money, was cast in Wude, Tang Gaozu for four years (62 1) and has been circulating for more than 300 years. This coin is 2.46 cm in diameter and weighs 3.6 grams. The word "Kaiyuan" in coin official script means to open up a new era; The word "Bao Tong" means a precious commodity in circulation. The four-character font "Kaiyuan Bao Tong" is solemn and upright, and it is said that it was the calligraphy of Ouyang Xiu, a famous calligrapher at that time.

Japan's unification Council

1970, two altars of Tang Dynasty cultural relics were unearthed in the southern suburbs of Xi 'an, including five Japanese silver coins. According to Guo Moruo's research, this coin was minted in 708 (the first year of Yuan and Ming Dynasties and the same year), and was brought to China as a gift by the envoys of the Tang Dynasty.

Xuanzang

This portrait of Xuanzang is now preserved in the main hall of Dongxing Temple in Chang 'an County, Shaanxi Province. It was carved on a stone tablet according to Xuanzang's Journey to the West painted in the Song Dynasty. Because of the war, temples and stone tablets were destroyed. The statue of Xuanzang that we see now is re-carved according to the rubbings of the original stone tablet. Later, according to the contents of the stone carvings, the paintings were enshrined in Xingjiao Temple.

This painting depicts Xuanzang's return from India. Xuanzang dressed up as a monk, with beads hanging from his chest, sandals on his feet and a small bundle around his waist. He holds the scriptures in his left hand, dusts the dust in his right hand (to drive away mosquitoes and flies), and carries a bamboo book box on his back. On the top of the bookcase is an umbrella to keep out the sun and rain, and a small oil lamp is hung on the line hanging down from the umbrella.