First-class standard examination paper of armed police force

thesis

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The term common topic in classical literature refers to conversation or exchange of ideas. Nowadays, papers are often used to refer to articles that conduct research in various academic fields and describe academic research results, which are referred to as papers for short. It is not only a means to discuss problems in academic research, but also a tool to describe academic research results in academic exchanges. Including academic papers, graduation papers, dissertations, scientific papers, achievement papers and so on.

Chinese name

thesis

Foreign name

newspaper

Category type

Academic year thesis, graduation thesis, degree thesis, etc.

use

Describe the research results

Yiyi

Express one's academic achievements

I want to ask

There are introduction, text, reference materials, etc.

word number

Generally above 1000.

catalogue

1 structure

Title of paper

catalogue

abstract

Keyword definition

Paper text

refer to

Paper binding

2 requirements

original manuscript

author

abstract

key word

Express gratitude/gratitude

3 Voluntary registration system

4 file format

Theme type

Debate type

Summary type

Synthetic type

5-degree thesis

6 academic papers

7 release

8 related phrases

thesis

Term report

Academic paper

monograph

Paper inspection

Standardization of papers

structure

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A paper generally consists of title, author, abstract, keywords, text, references and appendices, some of which (such as appendices) are dispensable.

Title of paper

Requirements are accurate, concise, eye-catching and novel.

catalogue

A table of contents is a short list of main paragraphs in a paper. (Essays don't need to be listed in the table of contents)

abstract

It is an excerpt from the main content of the article, which requires short and concise content.

Keyword definition

Keywords are selected from the title, abstract and text of the paper, which are words with substantial meaning to express the central content of the paper. Keywords are words used by computer systems to index the content characteristics of papers, which are convenient for information systems to collect and provide readers with retrieval. Generally, 3-8 words are selected as keywords for each paper, and a new line is set at the bottom left of the "abstract".

Subject words are standard words. When determining the subject words, we should analyze the theme of the paper and convert it into standard words in the thesaurus according to the rules of indexing and collocation. (See Chinese Thesaurus and World Chinese Thesaurus).

Paper text

(1) Introduction: Introduction, also known as preface, preface and introduction, is used at the beginning of the paper. The introduction should generally write the author's intention, explain the purpose and significance of the topic, and point out the scope of the paper writing. The introduction should be short and concise, and stick to the theme.

(2) Text of the paper: The text is the main body of the paper and should include arguments, arguments, argumentation process and conclusions. The main part includes the following contents:

A. Questions-arguments;

B. analyzing the problem-arguments and arguments;

C. problem solving-demonstrating methods and steps;

D. conclusion.

refer to

Thesis references are the main documents that can be referenced or cited in research and writing, and are listed at the end of the paper. References should be marked on a new page in accordance with GB77 14-87.

Paper binding

All relevant parts of the paper were copied out. After inspection, there is no problem. Put it in the book and add a cover. The cover of the paper should be concise and generous, and the title, school, department, instructor's name, author's name and completion date should be written. The author's name of the thesis topic must be written on the surface, not on the supplementary page inside.

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original manuscript

1. Title Description

The title should be concise, specific and accurate, which can summarize the specific content of the paper, help to select keywords, and conform to the relevant principles of compiling title catalogue, indexing and retrieval.

2. Propositional method

writing

Matters needing attention in English titles

(1) English titles mainly appear in the form of phrases, especially noun phrases, that is, titles basically consist of one or several nouns plus their prepositions and/or postattributes; The title of phrase type should determine the head word and then modify it before and after. The order of each word is very important, and improper word order will lead to inaccurate expression.

(2) Generally don't use declarative sentences, because the title mainly plays a marking role, and declarative sentences are easy to make the title judgmental, not refined and not eye-catching. In a few cases (critical, comprehensive and refuting), the question can be used as the title, because the question has an exploratory tone and is easy to arouse the reader's interest.

The English title and Chinese title of the same paper should be consistent in content, but it does not mean that the words should correspond to each other. In many cases, individual non-material words can be omitted or changed.

④ Foreign sci-tech journals generally have restrictions on the number of words in titles, and some stipulate that titles should not exceed 2 lines, and each line should not exceed 42 printed symbols and spaces; Some require that the title should not exceed 14 words. These regulations can be used for our reference.

⑤ In the English title of the paper. Anything that can or can't be used is not used.

author

1. The signature of the standard author is placed under the title, and the author of the group author can also be marked in the footer of the first page of the article. Sometimes, the author's name can also be marked at the end of the article. For example: Wang Jun 1, Zhang Hong 2, Liuli 1.

(1. Department of Physics, Normal University, Beijing 100875 2. Matters needing attention in the translation of the names of ×××× Physics Department of Beijing Institute of Education 1000 1 1) authors and their organizations.

① The name of the translation unit should not be abbreviated, but should be capitalized, and the address and postal code should be attached to ensure convenient contact.

② The names of translation units should be translated uniformly.

(3) The author's name is spelled in Chinese Pinyin, with a space in the middle after the surname, and all the letters of the surname are capitalized, and the surname is combined; The first letter of the first name is a capital letter, and a hyphen is added between the two names. The last name and the first name are not abbreviated.

For example:

Li Hua (Li Hua), Zhang Xihe (Xihe Zhang) and Zhuge Ying (Zhuge Ying)

abstract

With the rapid development of computer technology and Internet, online query, retrieval and download of professional data has become an important means of scientific and technological information retrieval. For all kinds of full-text databases or abstract databases on the Internet, abstract index is an important tool for readers to retrieve documents, which provides convenience for the construction and maintenance of scientific and technological information literature retrieval databases. It is a comprehensive introduction to the paper, so that people can understand the main contents of the paper. After the paper is published, the abstract can be directly used by abstract magazines or various databases without modification or slight modification, so that readers can know the main contents of the paper as soon as possible to supplement the deficiency of the title, thus avoiding misunderstandings, deficiencies and even mistakes that may occur when others compile the abstract. Therefore, the quality of abstracts directly affects the retrieval rate and citation frequency of papers.

Description of 1. abstract

It is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments, and requires a brief description of the purpose, research methods and final conclusion of the research work, with the focus on the conclusion. It is an independent and complete essay, which can be quoted and popularized.

2. Matters needing attention in writing abstract

① Don't simply repeat the existing information in the title, avoid writing the contents of the introduction into the abstract, don't copy the subtitle (table of contents) in the text of the paper or the text of the conclusion part of the paper, and don't interpret the content of the paper.

(2) Try to use written narrative, and don't list the data in the paper in the abstract; The words should be concise, exclude the content that has become common sense in this subject field, and delete meaningless or unnecessary words; The content shall not be demonstrated, not exemplified, and the research process shall not be introduced;

The content of the abstract must be complete, and the main contents (or opinions) expounded in the paper can not be omitted, but should be written into short articles that can be used independently.

Generally, it is not segmented, and continuous writing is prohibited. The statement should be objective, and it is not suitable for subjective evaluation of the research process, methods and achievements, nor for comparative explanation with other people's research.

3. Matters needing attention in writing English abstracts

The above precautions in writing Chinese abstracts are all applicable to English abstracts, but English has its own expressions and language habits, so special attention should be paid when writing English abstracts.

key word

1. Keyword description

Keywords are words or phrases that reflect the theme of the paper, usually arranged under the abstract, and the font size is different from the text. Generally, each article can choose 3~8 keywords, and multiple keywords are separated by semicolons, which are arranged from big to small according to the extension (conceptual scope) level of the entry.

Keywords are generally noun words or phrases, and in some cases there are verb words or phrases.

English keywords corresponding to Chinese keywords should be marked. Chinese comes first, foreign language comes last. Chinese keywords are marked with "keywords:" or "[keywords]"; English keywords are marked with "keywords:".

Key words should be selected from the National Standard Chinese Thesaurus as far as possible; Important terms and names of new disciplines, regions, people and documents that are not included in the glossary can also be used as keywords. Keywords should be general technical terms that can cover the main content of the paper.

2. Method of selecting keywords

The general selection method of keywords is: after the author finishes writing the paper, he selects from its title, hierarchical title and text (high frequency and key words).

main body

1. Text description

In order to achieve the purpose of clear hierarchy and clear context, the text is often divided into several large paragraphs. These paragraphs are called logical segments, and a logical segment can contain several small logical segments, and a small logical segment can contain one or several natural segments, so that the text forms several levels. The level of the paper should not be too much, generally not more than five levels.

1. standardization of references and their functions

In order to reflect the scientific basis of the article, the author should respect the seriousness of other people's research results and provide readers with the sources of relevant information. Generally, a list of references should be listed at the end of the text.

Citation should be based on original documents and first-hand information. All quotations from other people's opinions or words, whether published or not, whether printed or electronic, must indicate the source or be annotated. All references should be truthfully stated. The introduction, comments, quotations and annotations of existing academic achievements should be objective, fair and accurate. False labeling, forgery and tampering with documents are all academic misconduct.

Express gratitude/gratitude

A scientific research achievement or technological innovation is often not accomplished by one person, but also needs the support and help of human, financial and material resources from all sides. So many papers have listed "thanks" at the end. I am mainly grateful for the help I got in the process of completing my thesis, which is a sign of humility and courtesy in academic circles.

Voluntary registration system

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The copyright of a paper should be registered voluntarily, and whether the paper is registered or not will not affect the copyright obtained by the author or other copyright owners according to law. The voluntary registration system of works in China is to safeguard the legitimate rights and interests of authors or other copyright owners and users of works, help to solve copyright disputes caused by copyright ownership, and provide preliminary evidence for solving copyright disputes.

document format

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(1) The references at the end of the article are not numbered, but arranged in order of importance or references.

(2) No page number is indicated in the references.

(3) The description items and order of the references are basically the same as the notes.

1) Recording references can reflect the author's scientific attitude and the true and extensive scientific basis of the paper, as well as the starting point and depth of the paper.

2) Recording references can easily distinguish the author's achievements from those of predecessors.

3) References can serve as an index.

4) Recording references helps to save the length of the paper.

5) Recording references is helpful for scientific and technological information personnel to carry out information research and abstract quantitative research.

A. Report

[serial number] Principal. Title of the document [Document Type ID]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication.

B. Journal articles

【 Serial number 】 Principal responsible person. File title [J]. Name, year and volume (issue) of the publication.

[5] He Lingxiu. Read Gu Cheng's History of Nan Ming [J]. Historical Studies in China, 1998 (3).

C. Paper presentation

【 Serial number 】 The principal responsible person of the precipitation document. Title of precipitation document [a]. Primary owner of the original document (optional). Title of original file [c]. Place of publication: publisher, year of publication.

[6] Qu Qiubai. Modern civilization and socialism [a]. Luo Rongqu. From Westernization to Modernization [c]. Beijing: Peking University Publishing House, 1990.

D. newspaper articles

【 Serial number 】 Principal responsible person. File title [n]. Name and publication date (edition) of the newspaper.

[7] Xie Xide. Create new learning ideas. People's Daily,1998-12-25 (10).

E. International and national standards

[serial number] standard number, standard name.

English (example):

Teaching Principles: An Interactive Language Teaching Method [M]. Director prentiss Hall, 1994.

Situational cognition and learning culture [J]. Educational researcher, 1, 1989.

Chris, Didi. Evolution of Constructivism Learning Environment: Immersed in Distributed Virtual World [J]. Educational Technology, September to 10, 1995.

[04] Hymes, D. On communicative competence [M]. Pride; J. Holmes (editor) Sociolinguistics Hammonds Voss: Penguin, 1972.

[05] L.E. Salbo. Cross-cultural communication [M]. New Brunswick, New Jersey, USA: Trading Book, 1988.

[06] Bohr, A. Classroom evaluation [J]. English teaching forum, 1997.

Jenny, Thomas. Cross-cultural Pragmatic Failure [J]. Applied Linguistics, 1983, (4): 91-1.

[08] William Goody Kunst. Cross-cultural communication theory [M]. Beverly Hills, California: Sage Bar, 1983.

Identifier

According to: CAJ-CDB/T1-1998, the retrieval and evaluation data specification of China academic journals (CD-ROM version) issued by the State Press and Publication Administration.

The document identification number (WM) is placed after the classification number.

A-academic papers on theoretical and applied research (including summary reports)

B- practical technical achievement report (science and technology), theoretical study and social practice summary (social science)

C- Articles on business guidance and technical management (including leaders' speeches and special comments, etc. )

D—— General dynamic information (communication, reports, meetings, interviews, etc.). )

Electronic literature (including historical materials, statistical data, institutions, people, books and periodicals, knowledge introduction, etc.). )

Paper type

Paper (7)

In order to explore and master the writing rules and characteristics of papers, it is necessary to classify papers. Because the content and nature of the paper itself are different, the research fields, objects, methods and expressions are different, and the classification methods of the paper are also different.

Papers can be divided into theoretical papers, experimental papers, descriptive papers and design papers according to the nature of content and research methods.

There is also a comprehensive classification, which divides papers into four categories: thematic, argumentative, comprehensive and comprehensive:

Theme type

Based on the analysis of previous research results, this paper expresses opinions in the form of direct discussion and puts forward academic problems of a certain subject from the front.

Debate type

This is a paper aimed at others' views on an academic problem of a certain subject, with sufficient arguments, focusing on exposing its shortcomings or mistakes, and expressing opinions through debate.

Summary type

This is a kind of paper that introduces or comments on an academic problem of a certain subject on the basis of summarizing the research results of predecessors or present people to express their opinions.

Synthetic type

This is a paper written by organically combining summary and demonstration.

Academic paper

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An academic thesis written by a degree applicant is called a degree thesis. This kind of thesis is an important condition for evaluating whether an applicant can be awarded a degree.

Degree applicants will be awarded if they can pass the required course examinations and pass the thesis examination and defense. If an applicant for a degree passes the course examination, but his thesis is rated as unqualified in the defense, then he will not be awarded a degree.

A graduation thesis that is qualified to apply for a degree and written for it is called a dissertation and a bachelor's dissertation. A bachelor's degree thesis is both a degree thesis and a graduation thesis.

Academic paper

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People's Republic of China (PRC) national standards VDC 00 1.8 1 and CB 77 13-87 define academic papers as follows:

Academic papers are the knowledge and scientific records of an academic subject with new scientific research achievements or innovative ideas in experiments, theories or observations; Or apply the known principles to the scientific summary of the new progress made in practice for reading, communication or discussion at academic conferences; Or published in academic journals; Or written documents for other purposes.

In the field of social sciences, people usually refer to papers expressing scientific research achievements as academic papers.

Academic papers have four characteristics: ① academic; ② scientific; ③ Creativity; 4 theoretical.

First, academics.

The scientific nature of academic papers requires the author not to be influenced by personal likes and dislikes, and not to make subjective assumptions. He must proceed from objective reality and draw practical conclusions. In terms of arguments, we should grasp as much information as possible and take the most sufficient and conclusive arguments as the basis of arguments. When demonstrating, we must go through careful thinking and conduct rigorous argumentation.

Second, it is scientific.

Academic papers are argumentative in form, but they are different from ordinary argumentative papers. It must have its own theoretical system, not just a list of materials. To raise perceptual knowledge to rational knowledge, we need to analyze and study a large number of facts and materials. Generally speaking, academic papers are argumentative or argumentative. The content of the paper must conform to historical materialism and materialist dialectics, and to the scientific research methods of "seeking truth from facts", "aiming at the target" and "analyzing and synthesizing".

Third, creativity.

Scientific research is the exploration of new knowledge. Innovation is the life of scientific research. The creativity of academic papers lies in the author's unique insights and ability to put forward new ideas and theories. This is because the essence of science is revolutionary and unorthodox. "The scientific method is mainly a means to discover new phenomena and formulate new theories, and the old scientific theories will inevitably be overthrown by the new ones." (Stephen Mei Sen) Therefore, without creativity, academic papers have no scientific value.

Fourth, in theory.

It means to express scientific truth in plain language, not only literally, but also accurately, vividly, harmoniously and vividly.

question

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1. The process of publishing papers

Submission-review-notice of use of manuscript-handling related expenses-publishing-mailing sample publications

Generally, the author first understands the periodicals, and then tries to submit them after selecting them. Some journals require written submission. Most of them are in the form of electronic manuscripts.

2. Review time of published papers

General journals (provincial and national) will be audited for one week, and quality magazines will be audited 14-20 days.

The review time of core journals is generally 4 months, and it has to go through three procedures: preliminary review, review and final review.

3. The level of periodicals.

The state does not classify periodicals into different grades. However, each unit will generally divide periodicals into provincial-level periodicals and national-level periodicals according to the level of periodical authorities. Provincial periodical authorities are provincial units. The competent department of national periodicals is a national department or a directly affiliated department.

Related phrases

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thesis

[Pinyin] [Lü nWé n]

A paper; Thesis; An essay; A paper

thesis

Graduation thesis; dissertation

doctoral dissertation

abstract of a thesis

A summary of an article; Summary of the paper

thesis defence

Oral defense (thesis)