Jiangsu Dafeng Wang Jian
Test site summary
1, perceive the content of the article as a whole and sort out the ideas.
2. Grasp the author's point of view and refine and summarize the central argument of the article.
3. Distinguishing the relationship between arguments can distinguish the types of arguments and summarize them.
4. Understand the methods and approaches of argumentation, clarify the structure of argumentation, and judge the author's exposition through his own thinking.
5. Understand the accuracy, rigor and vividness of argumentative language, and analyze the meaning and function of key sentences.
6. Have the spirit of exploration and innovation in the content and expression of the article, and be able to put forward your own opinions and questions and make comments.
Test question trend
1, and the content of the proposition is mainly extracurricular materials. However, it does not rule out the choice of new argumentative essays in textbooks as propositional materials.
2. Choose "literary and beautiful" articles as reading materials. The selected materials are rich in humanistic connotation, involving social life issues that people are concerned about, full of humanistic spirit, highlighting the organic combination of humanism and literariness, and embodying a strong literary atmosphere. It can make candidates have a subtle influence in reading, and their emotional attitude and value orientation will also be reflected in the answers.
3. The proportion of simple objective questions such as multiple-choice questions, true-false questions, fill-in-the-blank questions and short-answer questions has been further reduced. Screening, refining, summarizing and exploring the author's views and opinions will be the dominant test questions.
4. Adhere to the ternary proposition and the sense of style. For example, directly point out the discussion elements, and the stem of the question is expressed as "What is the argument of the selected article", "Please write down two argumentation methods used in the selected article" and "Please add a factual argument to the article".
5. Use the whole article to examine the perception, understanding and comprehension ability of the whole article. Examine the overall grasp and pay attention to the understanding of the content of the article.
6. Increase the number of open test questions, infiltrate the new curriculum concept, highlight the sense of openness, and reflect autonomy and inquiry. There will be more open-ended questions to encourage students to express their reading comprehension creatively. For example, in combination with real life, "talk about your understanding and enlightenment on a certain issue" and let candidates "write their own explorations and discoveries".
Guide to solving problems
First, the review of the argument.
Argument is the author's views and opinions on the issues discussed, in order to solve the problem of "what needs to be proved". The main question type of the senior high school entrance examination is to ask candidates to understand the content of the article and summarize the arguments of the article. Authors often express their views and opinions directly, which are often complete sentences in form. To determine the central argument of the article, we must first read through the full text and perceive the content of the article as a whole. On the basis of overall perception of the full text, it is clear what the author is discussing. Some articles have clear arguments and can be answered directly in the original words. Such a statement is either at the beginning, at the end or in the middle of the article. There are still a few articles that do not directly put forward the central argument, and the argument is not very concentrated, which needs to be summarized in concise sentences. When summing up, you can borrow words from the text appropriately, but you must take care of the whole text and don't take it out of context. The sentences written should be accurate and complete.
Second, the review of the argument.
Argumentation is used to prove the reason and basis of argument and solve the problem of "proving what". Facts, data, charts, etc cited in the article. It's all arguments. The common questions in the senior high school entrance examination are: distinguish between factual argument and rational argument, and understand their functions; Summarize facts and arguments in concise language; Fabricate an argument, etc from an argument. The answer to the first question is relatively easy: factual arguments include typical cases, historical facts, data, charts and so on. Theoretical argumentation includes correct judgments, famous sayings, epigrams, scientific principle formulas, etc. The function of argument is to directly prove the central argument, or to prove the sub-argument first, and then prove the central argument through the sub-argument. Facts and truth arguments confirm each other, facts provide the basis for truth, and truth points out the direction for the choice of factual arguments. The second question type, when summarizing the factual arguments, must be accurate, must grasp the essential characteristics of the arguments according to the arguments, and then express them in exact language. Third, the supplementary arguments should be typical, representative and convincing, and the most important thing is that the content should be completely consistent with the article's point of view.
Third, the review of argument.
Argumentation refers to the process and method of using arguments to prove arguments and solve the problem of "how to prove". This test center mainly includes two aspects: argumentation method and argumentation structure.
The common methods of argument are: giving examples (putting facts), that is, giving conclusive, sufficient and representative examples to prove the argument; Reasoning, that is, using the incisive opinions in classic works, famous sayings and aphorisms of famous people at home and abroad, and recognized theorem formulas to prove the argument; Comparative argument, that is, comparing positive and negative arguments or arguments, proving arguments in comparison, and paying attention to cross-section in comparative argument; Metaphorical argument, that is, using familiar things as metaphors to prove arguments.
The basic structure of argumentative writing is "asking questions (introduction)-analyzing problems (papers)-solving problems (conclusions)". In addition, from the perspective of expression, the structure of argumentative essays also presents the structural style of "first narration and then discussion" or "discussion-narration-discussion". By analyzing the internal relations among paragraphs, levels and sentences, analyzing and discussing ideas and structures, and understanding the writing methods, we can grasp the structure of argumentative essays.
Fourth, the examination of language features.
The language of argumentation is accurate and thorough, logical and vivid. In the senior high school entrance examination, it is often required to understand the meaning of language in sentences and tell the expressive function of language in sentences, which requires us to analyze keywords and understand the function and accuracy of words and sentences in context. The language of discussion is general, and the rich content is often expressed in abstract words, so we should pay attention to understanding the keywords with general power.
Five, the openness of the exam.
Open-ended questions require students to combine their own experiences and feelings to deeply understand the article, think and judge independently, and write their own experiences. If we analyze whether the author's viewpoint is correct and comprehensive, whether the materials are true and reliable, and whether the reasons are justified and sufficient, students, as reading subjects, should "make judgments through their own thinking". The examinee's understanding of the article is an internal language, so it should be translated into an external language and expressed in words. Language should be concise, coherent and appropriate.
Example analysis of excellent products
( 1)
"The Rich and the Cold Religion" and "The Religion of the Poor and the Rich"
Nowadays, most families have only one child, so children are regarded as "the apple of their eyes" by their parents, and their education is becoming more and more scientific. "Rich people are indifferent to religion" is a meaningful way of education.
"Rich people are cold about religion" has existed since ancient times. Lu You was "never a thrifty writer", and Wang Anshi warned his children that "a family cannot live without a luxury word, and a person cannot live without a luxury word", which is a model of "cold education". This kind of family education is often admired by people today, and Bao Yugang, Li Ka-shing and other Hong Kong-made billionaires all know the truth that "a thousand dollars can't buy one's youth". It is intended to keep children away from wealth and self-reliance and let all their children have successful careers. Nowadays, many schools often ask revolutionary veterans to tell students about revolutionary traditions, so that they can appreciate the hardships of the previous generation and cherish today's beautiful life, bearing in mind that "it is not easy to think about a porridge and a meal; It is difficult to keep thinking about material resources. This is a simple truth. Let children understand that people who grow up in a secret pot rarely have perseverance and perseverance. Only by soaking in bitter water will there be spiritual wealth that will create lifelong benefits.
However, in sharp contrast to the religion of the rich and the poor, it should be pointed out that in most families, they are not "rich", but a considerable number of parents, with the mentality of "don't suffer for their children", give their children "rich education". You don't say you want to wear brand-name clothes, eat imported snacks, buy high-end school equipment, keep pocket money and enjoy the delicious food on the table ... you are spoiled everywhere and always exclusive. Parents tighten their belts to live, but their children's "consumption consciousness" is far ahead. However, what remains is that the result of "poor education" has not made children "rich" morally, intellectually and physically. Such "rich education" is essentially "harmful education".
Therefore, whether it is "rich" or "poor", it is to let children enjoy less ready-made blessings and suffer more. Only when a child has been tempered by life since childhood can he grow into a useful talent.
1. The center of this article is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (2 points)
2. The main argumentation methods adopted in this paper are _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _. (2 points)
3. According to the context, say the meaning of the following sentence in your own words (2 points)
(1) Cold Religion of the Rich: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
② Poor education: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _
4. Contact your own reality and talk about your feelings after reading this article (3 points)
A: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
_______________________________________________________________________
_______________________________________________________________________
(Shaoyang City, Hunan Province, 2005)
Detailed explanation of test questions
1, read the full text first, grasp the general idea of the article as a whole, understand the content of the article, understand the author's point of view, and find out the sentences that can summarize the argument at the end of the article.
2. Read the full text carefully, find out the materials that can prove the argument, and then analyze which one belongs to example argument, reason argument, contrast argument and metaphor argument one by one.
3. This topic is an examination of argumentative language, and the relevant sentences should be explained in specific contexts. It can be summarized by the corresponding contents in the second and third paragraphs of the article respectively, and the language should be concise.
4. This question examines the overall grasp of the article and should be summarized in combination with the examinee's own reality and the main idea of the article.
Reference answer
1, children should be allowed to enjoy less and suffer more.
2. Contrast and demonstrate with examples
3.( 1) Good environmental education for suffering; (2) Educate in a poor environment and enjoy happiness.
You have to go through many hardships to better hone your will.
(2)
Read the following and complete the question 12- 15. (10)
I was invited to participate in a middle school sports meeting, and one class won the "Moral Fashion Award". I asked the headmaster my doubts: during the whole competition, I didn't find that the morality of that class was much higher than that of other classes. The headmaster said, in fact, you neglected a detail-when the students are cheering for the good results of the athletes in their class, only the students in that class are cheering for themselves and not forgetting to cheer for others.
(2) Cheering for others is worthy of such admiration.
From this, I also remembered a scene in which foreigners cheered for China people: when the French sports delegation stepped onto the rostrum at the opening ceremony of the Universiade held in Beijing on August 22nd, 2006, people were surprised to find that French athletes held high a banner that read "French delegation congratulates Beijing on its successful bid to host the 2008 Olympic Games" in Chinese. Paris lost to Beijing in the bid to host the Olympic Games, but the French still generously cheered for their competitors, and they won the warmest applause from the audience.
Cheering for others does not necessarily mean that you are weak.
In life, many people just feel glad and cheer for their progress and success, but they are often indifferent and indifferent to others, and rarely cheer for others sincerely. In fact, cheering for others is a kind of wisdom, because when you appreciate others, you are constantly improving and perfecting yourself; Cheering for others is a virtue. If you give praise, you will not only hurt your self-esteem, but also gain friendship and cooperation. Refueling for others is a process of personality cultivation and appreciation, and it is also a process of correcting one's narrow and selfish psychology, thus cultivating everyone's demeanor.
It is easier to cheer for yourself than for others. We should learn to cheer for others.
1. Choose a topic for this article, and the most appropriate one is (2 points) []
A. Cheering for others B. Cheering for others is a kind of wisdom
C. it is difficult to cheer for others. D. cheering for others is not cowardice
2. The central argument discussed in this paper is _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ (3 points)
The fourth paragraph says: "Cheering others does not necessarily mean that you are weak." Please add a parameter to this. (2 points)
A: _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _ _.
The author thinks "learn to cheer for others". Do you agree with this view? Please talk about your opinion in combination with real life. (3 points)
(Xianning City, Hubei Province, 2005)
Detailed explanation of test questions
1, this question is actually to examine the overall understanding of the article, grasp the content of the article, and at the same time pay attention to the concise title of the article.
2. After reading the whole article, you can understand the author's writing intention, grasp the main idea of the whole article, and find out the original sentence at the end of the article to summarize the central argument of this article. The identification of demonstration method should first find out the specific materials and then make a judgment.
3. The supplementary arguments required in this question can be factual arguments or rational arguments, but they must be able to prove that "cheering for others does not necessarily mean that you are weak." Linguistically, it should be a complete sentence, and it should be concise and clear.
This is an open test. As far as requirements are concerned, we must combine the content of the article with real life to talk about our experience. Whether you agree or not, as long as you are "original or insightful, clear and fluent", you can get full marks.
Reference answer
1, A (2 points)
2, to learn to cheer for others reason argument, factual argument (3 points. 65438+ 0 points per space)
3, slightly (2 points. Give points as appropriate, reasonable arguments and factual arguments can be)
4, slightly (3 points. This is an open question, and it can be justified)
New topic prediction
(A) learn to care about yourself
At first glance, you may find this topic strange: care about yourself? Who doesn't care about themselves? Actually, you are wrong. Maybe, as you said, everyone cares about themselves, but not everyone will care about themselves, and some people will inevitably go astray, so today I emphasize: learn to care about yourself.
The truth of caring for yourself is actually very easy to understand, but if you only consider it from the perspective of "body skin and bones", it is superficial. Indeed, it is necessary to care about your health. "Health is the capital of revolution". But isn't a person's thought, morality, intelligence, knowledge, culture, position in society and contribution to society? Worthy of attention? If you don't care about these problems and only care about your own health, how can a person grow up in an all-round way? Obviously, we really need to learn to care about ourselves.
To learn to care about yourself, you must first understand yourself. Know not only what you need, but also what you "lack". The lack here refers not only to the lack of material life, but also to the lack of spiritual life, moral quality, social life, knowledge and culture. One person is missing. A person can't be perfect, and what everyone lacks is different. Therefore, only by knowing what they really need and what they lack can they cultivate and improve themselves. It is necessary to know that the premise of "medicine to disease" is "the right medicine". Only by truly understanding yourself and proceeding from your own reality can you care about yourself and your care will be effective.
(4) Learn to care about yourself and pay attention to objectively evaluating yourself. If you only see your own advantages and can't see your own shortcomings and deficiencies, you will overestimate yourself, be blindly complacent and lose the motivation to make progress. On the contrary, if you only see your own shortcomings and deficiencies, you will underestimate yourself, belittle yourself and shake your enterprising confidence. The purpose of caring for yourself is to drive away evil and promote good in constant self-discovery and self-reflection, rather than shrink back in narcissism.
At the same time, we should know the dialectical relationship between learning to care about yourself and learning to care about others. Learning to care about yourself is by no means selfish. You only care about yourself, not others. Society is a big family, made up of many people. We should form a good atmosphere of "I am for everyone and everyone is for me" in society, and make our society a warm and amiable family. At present, under the impact of the tide of market economy, interpersonal relationship seems to be "cold" than before, which should encourage more care for others, and I think people who don't even know how to care for themselves will not care for others well. So we should learn to care about ourselves, so that we can learn to care about others better.
Now you understand that caring for yourself is not everyone's innate ability. Of course, it is not difficult to learn. As long as you constantly correct your shortcomings, improve yourself and make yourself develop healthily in all aspects, then your life path will surely become broader and more meaningful.
1. What is the central point of this article?
2. What do you care about yourself in this article?
3. Divide the structure of this paper and briefly summarize the main contents of each part.
① ② ③ ④ ⑤ ⑥
4. Read paragraph 345 of the selected article and talk about how a person learns to care about himself.
5. What is the argumentation method used in the fourth paragraph of the article? What is the expressive function?
6. The author thinks that only by learning to care about yourself can we learn to care about others better. Others think they should care more about others. Which view do you support more? Talk about your opinion.
Reference answer
1, learn to care about yourself.
2. Care about your health, ideology, morality, intelligence, knowledge, culture, status in society, contribution to society, etc.
3、① / ② / ③ ④ ⑤ / ⑥
The first part puts forward the central argument.
The second part discusses why we should learn to care about ourselves.
The third part discusses how to learn to care about yourself.
The fourth part summarizes the full text, echoing the beginning.
4. To learn to care about yourself, you must first know yourself.
You should know the dialectical relationship between learning to care about yourself and learning to care about others.
We should learn to care about ourselves, pay attention to objectively evaluating ourselves, and have both praise and criticism.
5. Comparative demonstration. Make the analysis more thorough and sufficient, and give people a deeper impression through comparison.
6. Support any point of view, as long as it makes sense.
(2) Learn knowledge and learn to be a man.
In today's society, knowledge is widely valued and its value is getting higher and higher. "Learning knowledge" is indeed a very important thing, but "learning to be a man" is often ignored by people, as if it were an insignificant thing. In fact, "learning knowledge" and "learning to be a man" are closely linked and equally important.
② First of all, "learning to be a man" is the premise and foundation of "learning knowledge". When you were a child, you had learned to be a man from the subtle influence of your parents or the enlightenment of kindergarten teachers. In primary school, among all kinds of textbooks, you will find a textbook "Ideology and Morality", which is only paving the way for your future life and making you know how to be a better person.
Thirdly, "learning knowledge" is the further development of "learning to be a man". When you know respect for teachers and honesty ..., you will feel dissatisfied, and then knowledge fills the gap. You have begun a long journey of "learning knowledge". This process enriches you and makes you smarter. But you should know that knowledge alone can't be a man, and it can't be based on today's society.
From this, we can draw the third point that "learning to be a man" and "learning knowledge" complement each other and are inseparable unity. While learning to be a man, we need to learn knowledge, and don't forget to learn to be a man. Being a man without knowledge is not "perfect"; And knowledge alone will not be a person, nor will it be a "perfect person." It is unwise to favor one over the other. Looking at their peers, many people "turn a deaf ear to things outside the window and read only sage books". There are not many problems at this stage, but there will be more problems when we hit a wall in the future. On the contrary, you will benefit a lot. "Learning knowledge" and "learning to be a man" are like your right hand. Any one that is broken is forbidden.
Having said that, I just want you to pay attention to both your left arm and your right arm, and take good care of these two arms, which will accompany you in the future life.
1. What is the central point of this article?
2. Add a factual argument to paragraph (3).
3. The term "complete person" in paragraph (4) means.
4. What is the relationship between "learning knowledge" and "learning to be a man" revealed in the fourth paragraph?
Pick out one sentence that you think is the most philosophical and talk about the enlightenment you got from it.
Reference answer
1, "learning knowledge" and "learning to be a man" are closely related and equally important.
2. The case should be typical, which can demonstrate that "knowledge without being a man is untenable in today's society." Do it.
3. People who attach importance to both learning knowledge and learning to be human. (That's right)
4. "Learning to be a man" and "learning knowledge" complement each other and are inseparable unity. It is unwise to favor one over the other. Both "left arm" and "right arm" should be paid attention to.
5. The answer is not unique, as long as it is meaningful.
(3) We are all successful people.
When it comes to success, people have a wrong idea: success is only equal to fame. Some people think that only reversing Gan Kun's feat can be considered a successful move; Some people think that only leaders, celebrities and people who can be called "home" can be considered successful; Others simply assert that there are no winners in the world, because the final outcome of life is tragedy-future generations will definitely surpass their predecessors. This is really a terrible inferiority complex.
In fact, we are all successful, because success is just a feeling, a subjective feeling of self-awareness. If we regard every progress we have made, even a small progress, as a success and seriously taste it, then happiness and happiness will accompany us for a long time, and our life will become extraordinarily rich and vivid. Isn't it? As a student, he passed the exam and his grades improved, which is a success and should be happy; As a farmer, the seeds he sowed germinated and the crops were harvested, which was also a success and should be happy. More often, success does not require recognition, let alone judgment; We should not draw the scale of success too high, nor should we take success too sacred.
However, people's life can't always be smooth sailing, and it is inevitable that they will encounter setbacks and failures. Every time I fail, I have a deeper understanding of things, a deeper understanding of life and a stronger will. Isn't this kind of experience and feeling a success in another sense? Otherwise, we will lose our confidence in life and shrink back in the face of difficulties.
Admit success boldly and proudly. It may be the meaning of life to realize that people really appreciate their every success, draw motivation from taste, open up wisdom and achieve greater success.
1, briefly summarize the arguments of this article.
Paragraph (2) says, "We should not draw the scale of success too high". What does "measure of success" mean?
The author thinks that we are all successful for two reasons. Please summarize it briefly.
( 1)
(2)
4. Write another sentence according to the content of the next sentence to form a parallelism sentence.
As a student, he passed the exam and his grades improved, which is a success and should be happy;
As a farmer, the seeds he sowed germinated and the crops were harvested, which was also a success and should be happy.
The first paragraph says that some people hold the view that there is no winner in the world, because everyone will be surpassed by future generations. What do you think of the saying that "future generations will definitely surpass their predecessors"?
Reference answer
We are all winners.
2. Criteria for measuring success.
3.( 1) Success is only a subjective feeling of self-cognition. We should regard every progress we have made as a success.
(2) Every setback and failure will deepen our understanding of things and our understanding of life and strengthen our will, which is another kind of success.
4. Omission
5. Omission