Where are you going to write your thesis? Did the teacher approve the topic? Is there an outline for the teacher to see the writing direction?
Did the teacher tell you which direction to write the paper? Be sure to write an outline before writing a paper, and let the teacher determine the framework to avoid big changes in the process of revising the paper in the future! !
Pay attention to the format requirements and writing specifications of the school, otherwise it is likely to be returned for revision. If you still don't understand or know nothing, you can ask me. I hope you can graduate smoothly and move towards a new life.
Writing skills of graduation thesis
First, we must first occupy and select materials around the topic.
That is to say, when your topic is determined, first, you should possess the materials around the argument and read as much as possible. Some topics come from topics that the teacher has studied. Quite a few students set their own topics, accumulate materials first, and then have arguments. Once the argument is established, go back and take possession of the material. In the possession of materials, it is similar to the basic writing I said. The first thing is to have the materials and real materials of the research object. For example, if you want to study several works of a writer at a certain stage, you should make in-depth and detailed research on these works to further determine your own arguments. If your paper is a report, not purely theoretical, but written in the form of experimental report, investigation report and summary, then your investigation materials and experimental materials should also be accounted for.
Second, we need epitaxial materials with research objects.
For example, if you want to study the writer's works, then you should study the background materials of the writer's writing, including the political and economic background, the background of literary and artistic thoughts and so on. There are also writers who talk about their own creative materials, and there are also materials that others have studied. With these materials, you can meet people and discuss the world, and you can make yourself as impartial as possible in your research. Therefore, fully possessing the materials will make your argument more complete. In this way, your argument will be deeper and wider in the future.
Third, we should choose materials on the basis of materials.
Never bring all the materials in, as long as you have them. This is a common problem when you write a paper. For example, if you write 10,000 words, you may write 50,000 or 60,000 words. Like that student just now, writing 60 thousand words is too rich. When you can't grasp it yourself, you can ask the teacher to help you and tell you what can and can't be used. More material is better than nothing, because it is always easy to delete. In the case of more materials, you choose better materials.
2. Select the paper type.
The second preparation is to choose the type of paper. The graduation thesis types are academic papers and reportage papers. For less applied disciplines, such as the study of writers' works and the study of poetry schools, it is easier to make academic papers. For highly applied subjects, such as teaching, journalism, therapeutics and experiments, papers are generally investigative or summative, and I summarize them as report papers.
3000-word papers published in magazines are usually report papers. The report paper mainly summarizes the experience. Whether it is a summary or a report, in short, we must sum up some regular things in the end. For example, the teaching experience of comprehensive learning in new textbooks has several rules: comprehensive learning can stimulate students to participate and learn actively; Comprehensive learning can stimulate students' innovative consciousness and cultivate students' innovative ability; Comprehensive learning focuses on extracurricular learning, which can strengthen the combination of in-class and out-of-class and strengthen the cultivation of ability; Comprehensive learning can strengthen students' experience and understanding of Chinese learning, and make students' emotional attitude and value orientation develop in a healthy direction. These experiences of his try to discuss theoretically and explain its significance.
Most students' papers are academic, and academic papers are mainly about a certain professional field. After full research, it is expressed in words and symbols. The basic requirement of this kind of paper is that commentators use their own knowledge to discuss and study the theoretical or practical problems of their major. Academic papers can also be subdivided into two types, one is an expository paper and the other is a comprehensive paper. The biggest feature of the so-called expository writing is that it is mainly based on discussion and has a strong theoretical color. It can be divided into argumentation type and refutation type. Argumentative type is to actively establish one's own views, while refuting type is to refute others' views. There are many comprehensive newspapers in our large newspapers and some magazines. For example, half a year has passed in 2003, and we can summarize the novels of this half a year.
If it is >>
How to write a graduation thesis?
Modern French Landscape Design Concept and Its Enlightenment
Design concept of modern French garden landscape
In a multicultural country, a society full of variables, and an era of pursuing individuality, as far as the whole industry is concerned, any single design concept or design method that unilaterally emphasizes one aspect will eventually be abandoned by society. But personally, in the face of fierce competition, every designer has to pursue personalized and professional working methods. Therefore, as far as the design concept and method of modern garden landscape are concerned, we can only talk about people and things, and we must never summarize the overall design concept of modern garden landscape with a few slogans. Different people may have different understandings of the same idea. Even the same person may put forward different design concepts in the face of different venues or projects. In addition, with the increasingly complex composition of modern landscape practitioners, various design concepts emerge one after another. We should pay more attention to the theory and practice of mainstream designers, instead of unilaterally following the design theory of "pioneer" and "avant-garde" or only paying attention to those works with strong visual impact.
Generally speaking, the design concept of modern French garden landscape is mainly manifested in the following aspects:
1 Pay attention to the design concept of the site.
It has become the basic principle of modern landscape design to respect the site, adjust measures to local conditions, seek close contact with the site and surrounding environment, and form a whole design concept. The role of landscape architects lies not in deliberate innovation, but in discovery. It is to observe and understand the original features of the site with a professional eye, find its positive aspects and guide them. Among them, the process of discovery and understanding is also a design process. Therefore, the best design seems to have never been designed, but only fully explored and utilized the landscape resources of the site. This requires designers to sum up the biggest characteristics of the venue on the basis of fully understanding the venue, which is the basic starting point of design. Just like "Potential Brown" said, every venue has great potential, so we should be good at discovering the soul of the venue.
2. Space-oriented design concept
Garden landscape consists of two parts, one is an entity composed of some landscape elements, and the other is a space composed of entities. Entities are more easily concerned, while space is often easily ignored. Especially in our current design methods, we often only pay attention to hard three-dimensional scenery, but relatively ignore soft three-dimensional scenery, and pay insufficient attention to the shape and extension of space and the relationship between adjacent spaces, thus forming various design methods of piled scenery. Therefore, it is particularly important to attach importance to the shaping of spatial structure and landscape pattern, emphasize the design concept that space is superior to entity, and design the visual space field as a whole. In the eleventh chapter of Tao Te Ching, Lao Tzu said, "... so it is beneficial, but useless. In other words, the reason why the entity "you" brings material utility to people is because the empty "nothing" plays an important role in coordination.
3 pay attention to the design concept of timeliness
The biggest difference between landscape design and architectural design is that landscape changes with seasons and time, is alive, and is constantly growing, moving and changing. Therefore, the designer suggested that moving the garden should be regarded as a natural and lasting work. Therefore, landscape designers must seriously study the timeliness and timeliness factors, pay attention to the effect of landscape changes over time, and shape renewable and stable landscapes. The birth of a landscape work is like the birth of a baby, and its own growth and change process can bring great pleasure and satisfaction to people. Don't expect the landscape works to be completed one step at a time, it will lose a lot of fun.
4. Pay attention to the reappearance of regional landscape
The so-called "regional" landscape refers to the sum of a region's natural landscape and historical context, including its climatic conditions, topography, hydrogeology, animal and plant resources, historical and cultural resources and people's activities and behaviors. The scenery or landscape types we see do not exist in isolation, but are all related to the development and evolution of its surrounding areas. Landscape design should aim at the landscape types and humanistic conditions around the site, and create landscape types with local characteristics and space places that meet the needs of local people's activities.
5. Pay attention to the simple design concept
"Less is more" is simple and not simple. On the contrary, it is a deep excavation and frank expression of the essence. Summarize the design method highly and cherish ink as gold ... >>
Undergraduate students need to write papers. How to write them?
Some authors can easily write argumentative essays into narratives, especially concluding articles after doing research on a certain project, and only say how to do it, and rarely say why. The reason may be that this writing is very smooth, because the work is made by him (them), and the process is very clear, so you can make it clear without blowing off dust. Such an article is not deep enough. In recent years, software has been concerned by everyone, but most articles about software belong to this situation. In addition, there are many clues in the software, which should be made clear, regardless of thickness, covering everything, and the length is not short, which is a bit confusing. There seems to be a website on the Internet called Meteor Graduation paper net, which is quite famous. When writing a paper, there are some language expressions that need attention. First of all, try to spell and grammar correctly. It is very important to ensure that there are no word errors and obvious grammatical errors in the full text. Academic writing is very rigorous, and spelling mistakes can easily make people feel that their level is not high. In addition, writing sentences as simple as possible, each sentence contains only one meaning, which is very different from Chinese papers. Remember to use simple sentences. Generally speaking, even if you count clauses, try not to exceed two sentences. Third, avoid using spoken English.
Undergraduate students need to write papers. How to write them?
If you don't want to be overwhelmed in the end, write it yourself. What do you mean? Download a lot of relevant literature, read more, and integrate similar parts by yourself. So in fact, what is said is written by others, but it can pass the double inspection. Anything that is simply copied and pasted can be found, and every sentence can be picked out. The more you write, the less time you have, and you can post a small part. At that time, I graduated from Baidu meteor, and finally passed through the paper network. I thought I would be bored, so I might as well spend a little money to save trouble. Find many articles and papers related to your topic, preferably graduation thesis, because the content of the paper is more complete than the whole issue, and then combine them after downloading.
How to write an undergraduate thesis? What format is it?
First, the order of graduation thesis (design) materials (1) cover: including thesis (design) title, instructor (including professional title), student name, student number, name of secondary college, major, grade, total score of thesis, time, etc. The cover of the paper is uniformly printed by the school. (2) Seal 2: Instructor examines the form. (3) thesis. (4) Seal III: Cross-examination Form. (5) Seal 4: defense record form. Second, the graduation thesis printing and binding graduation thesis (design) generally uses computer printing, using A4 paper type and double-sided printing. The (1) page is set to print graduation thesis (design) vertically, and the margin is required to be (t): 2.5cm ... and the bottom (b): 2.5cm.. Left (L): 2.5cm. Right (R): 2.5cm. Binding line (T): 0.5cm. Location of binding line (T): left. The rest adopt the system default settings. (2) Layout and text graphics should be written horizontally from left to right. Text is always edited in columns. The paper uses Song-style characters, but generally does not use traditional characters except for special reasons. Times New Roman font is generally used in foreign languages. (3) Paragraph spacing setting value is 1.5 times spacing. The rest adopt the system default settings. (4) No header or footer is set. Set the page number in the footer, and the page number should be No.5 small bold and centered: the format is as follows: Page 65438 +0, 2, 3, ... III. Content, structure and requirements of graduation thesis (design) The thesis consists of a front part and a body. (1) Preface: title, author, abstract, keywords 1, title, that is, the title of the paper. No more than 20 Chinese characters, no more than 10 foreign content words. In the middle, number three in bold. 2. Author's name and unit. The author's name and title are separated by a line, in the middle, the font is small. The unit starts from another line, centered, and the number five is Song Ti. Unit Description: (Zhanjiang Normal University ×× College Zhanjiang 524048). 3. Chinese abstract. Chinese abstract is a brief statement of the content of the paper, without comments and comments, which is independent and instructive, that is, you can get the necessary information without reading the full text of the paper (design), mainly describing the views or conclusions of the paper (design). No subjective comments, no words like "author" and "I", within 300 words. There is a line between the abstract and the company name, with two spaces at the beginning, and the top line is changed to imitate the word "Song Dynasty No.5", and the word "Abstract" is preceded by a colon and bold. 4. Key words. Keywords are words or terms selected from papers for document indexing to express the theme, content and items of the full text. Generally, 3-5 words are selected as keywords for each paper. On the other line, after summarizing the key words, imitate the word Song Ti No.5, with two spaces in each line. After the keyword, separate it from the keyword with a colon and make it bold. Keywords are separated by semicolons. 5, English title, author's name, unit, abstract, keywords, corresponding to the Chinese part. English uses Times New Roman font. (2) Text: text, notes, references, appendix 1. The text of the text is generally in small four-song style, and the key sentences can be bold. English and * * * numbers are in Times New Roman font. (1) Science and engineering at title level: titles at all levels are written continuously with * * *; Different job titles are separated by ","(put a dot in the lower right corner of the number), and no dot is added after the last digit; Such as "1", "1. 1" and "1. 1", the numbers should be written in the top box from the left. If there is a title after the number, write the number first, then write the title, with a space in the middle; Then start a new line and indent two spaces from left to right to write the specific content; If there is no title after the number, write the specific content in the blank space after the number. Liberal Arts: The titles at all levels are empty, starting from the left. The first-level title is "one, two, three ...", the second-level title is "(1) (2) (3) ...", the third-level title is "1,2,3, ..." and the fourth-level title is "(1) (. (2) Units of measurement All units of measurement adopt the national standard GB3 100-GB3 102-93. Units of non-physical quantities can be composed of Chinese characters and symbols. (3) Punctuations Punctuations should be used correctly in accordance with the uniform provisions of the Measures for the Use of Punctuations promulgated by the State Press and Publication Administration. Chinese full-angle punctuation marks; Half-angle punctuation in English. (4) Nouns and names The terminology of scientific and technical terms adopts the standard words or national standards published by the National Natural Science and Technology Terminology Examination Committee ..... >>
How to write a graduation thesis?
Your instructor didn't explain it to you? There is no writing specification for graduation thesis (design) in our school. Please refer to the following: Writing specification for undergraduate graduation thesis (design) This specification is formulated in order to further standardize the writing of undergraduate graduation thesis (design) and improve the quality of undergraduate graduation thesis (design). I. Composition of Graduation Thesis (Design) Undergraduate graduation thesis (Design) should include the following parts: 2. The writing requirement of each part of graduation thesis (design) is 1, and the title of graduation thesis (design) reflects the most important content of the thesis in concise words (generally no more than 20 words) appropriately and accurately. Thesis topics are usually composed of noun phrases, so we should try to avoid using uncommon abbreviations, acronyms, characters, codes and formulas. If the content of the paper is multi-layered and difficult to simplify, the method of combining the title and subtitle can be adopted, in which the subtitle plays a role in supplementing and clarifying the title. The title and subtitle should be consistent when they appear in different places throughout the graduation thesis. 2. Abstract is a brief statement of the content of the paper. It is an independent and complete essay, usually written in the third person tone, without comments or supplementary explanations. Should be independent and self-sufficient, that is, you can get the necessary information without reading the full text of the paper. Generally, the purpose, methods, results and conclusions of the research work should be explained, with emphasis on the results and conclusions. Generally, the number of Chinese abstracts is 300~600 words, while the number of substantive English abstracts is about 300 words, which can be slightly more if there is special need. As far as possible, unknown and common figures, tables, chemical structures, symbols and terms should be avoided. 3. Keywords keywords (including Chinese and English keywords) are words or terms that express the content information of the paper, which should reflect the characteristics of the paper, have semantics and have a clear source in the paper. The number of keywords is generally 3-8, and each keyword is separated by a semicolon. There is no punctuation after the last keyword, and Chinese and English keywords should correspond to each other one by one. Chinese keywords should be marked with "Keyword:" and English keywords with "Keyword:". 4. The table of contents is a sequential list of chapters in graduation thesis (design). Graduation thesis (design) should be compiled in a table of contents, marked with page numbers, so as to facilitate reading and mastering the main contents of graduation thesis (design), and the level of the table of contents should not exceed 3 levels. 5. The text includes: introduction (or preface, preface), this theory and conclusion. (1) Introduction: It is the beginning of the graduation thesis, including the following contents: ① Explain the purpose and significance of the thesis writing and the understanding of the research questions; 2 ask questions. (2) This theory is the main body and the most important part of the paper, and the whole argumentation process is carried out here. This theory generally includes: ① according to the needs of the central argument, determine the sub-arguments and arrange the levels and paragraphs of the article; (2) Put forward arguments and discuss them. (3) Conclusion: It is the end of the paper, which mainly includes three parts: ① the conclusion put forward or emphasized; (2) Prospect of the future development trend of the research; (3) A brief description of relevant issues. (science and engineering majors and grammar majors of economic management require 10000~ 15000 words; English majors write papers in English, requiring more than 6000 real words). 7. Appendix According to the content requirements of graduation thesis (design), determine whether an appendix is needed. Including the formula derivation that is too lengthy in this paper, the auxiliary mathematical tools that others need to read easily, the repeated data charts, the symbolic meanings, abbreviations, the full text of the program and related explanations used in the paper. 8. Foreign Literature and Translation
How to write a college paper?
How to write a paper
I. Title
The title is the eye of the article. The titles of various articles have many styles, but no matter what form, they always reflect the author's writing intention and the main idea of the article in all or different aspects. The title of graduation thesis is generally divided into general title, sub-title and sub-title.
(1) general title
The general title is the embodiment of the overall content of the article. Common writing methods are:
(1) reveals the essence of the theme. This title form, which highly summarizes the content of the full text, is often the central argument of the article. It has a high degree of clarity, which is convenient for readers to grasp the core of the full text. Such titles are many and common. For example, on economic system model, on economic center, and my opinion on the reform of county-level administrative institutions.
2 types of questions. In fact, the author's point of view is very clear, but the meaning is euphemistic and needs readers to think. This form of title is easy to attract readers' attention because of its implied point of view. For example, "Is the family contract system a single job?" Is commodity economy equal to capitalist economy? "and so on.
(2) explain the scope of content. This form of title, from its own point of view, does not see the author's point of view, but only limits the scope of the article. On the one hand, it is difficult to summarize the main points of the article in one sentence; On the other hand, explaining the scope of the article can attract the attention of peers and readers, so as to attract * * *. This form of address is also very common. For example, the two-tier management system in rural areas of China, correctly handling the relationship between the central government and local governments, and the analysis of post-war western trade liberalization, etc.
4. Use judgment sentences. This title form limits the content of the full text and is flexible. The research object of this paper is specific and small, but the extended ideas must be strong and broad. This kind of title focuses on small things and big things, which is conducive to the expansion of scientific thinking and scientific research. For example, we can see the light of hope in rural China from the rise of township enterprises, scientific and technological progress and agricultural economy, and see the essence of beauty from the perspective of creating beauty through labor.
⑤ Use visualized sentences. Such as inspiring management system, dawn in the history of science and technology, and shining theory.
There are many styles of titles, and the author can make bold innovations in practice.
(2) Subtitles and Subtitles
In order to point out the research object, content and purpose of the paper, the general title can be supplemented and explained, and some papers can also be subtitled. In particular, some argumentative papers generally have a subtitle, such as adding a subtitle such as "discussing with XX" under the general title.
In addition, in order to emphasize a key point of the paper, a subtitle can be added. For example, how to look at the current labor remuneration difference-also talk about the bourgeois rights in distribution according to work, develop protein resources and improve the utilization efficiency of protein-and explore a development strategy to solve the problem of eating.
The main purpose of setting the subtitle is to clearly show the level of the article. Some use words, which generally express the central content of this level; Some also use numbers, which only indicate the order of "one, two, three", and play the role of connecting the preceding with the following. It should be noted that no matter which form is adopted, it is closely related to the content of the hierarchy and the close relationship between the upper and lower levels.
There are three requirements for the topic: first, it must be clear. It is necessary to reveal the scope or argument of the topic, so that people can know the general outline of the article, the main content of the discussion and the author's writing intention after reading the topic, instead of specious, hiding the head and revealing the tail, and playing hide-and-seek with readers. Second, be concise. The topic of the paper should not be too long. If it is too long, it will make people feel cumbersome and cumbersome, and they will not get a clear impression, thus affecting the overall evaluation of the article. Don't be too abstract and empty, and don't use very useful or invented words in the title, so as not to make readers feel like a sea of smoke when they see the title, and they can only understand it after reading the text completely. Third, it must be novel. The title, like the content and form of the article, should have its own uniqueness. Not unconventional, unconventional, fascinating and pleasing to the eye, thus arousing readers' interest in reading.
Second, the directory
Generally speaking, long graduation thesis has no subtitle. Papers with subheadings generally have a table of contents because of their multi-level content and complex theoretical system.
The main purpose of establishing a directory is:
1. Let readers understand this theory ... >>
How to write a graduation thesis?
Steps to write an outline
The steps to write an outline are as follows:
(1) Determine the abstract of the paper, and then supplement the materials to form a summary of the full text.
Abstract is the prototype of content outline. General books and teaching reference books have abstracts reflecting the contents of the whole book, so that readers can know the general contents of the book as soon as they turn over the abstracts. When writing a paper, we also need to write an abstract first. List the title, headline and subtitle of the paper before writing, and then delete the selected materials to form a summary of the content of the paper.
(2) The distribution of pages of the original paper
After writing the abstract of graduation thesis, we should consider the length of the thesis and the number of words to be written in each part of the article according to the content of the thesis. If you plan to write an original paper of 20 pages (300 words per page), you can consider using 1 page for the preface, 17 page for the paper and 1-2 page for the conclusion. Part of this theory will be reissued. If this theory has four items, the first item can be 3-4 pages, the second item can be 4-5 pages, the third item can be 3-4 pages, and the fourth item can be 6-7 pages. With this allocation, it is convenient to equip and organize materials, and writing can be more planned. The length of graduation thesis is generally 5000-6000 words, because it is too short, it is difficult to explain the problem thoroughly, and it should not be too long as a graduation thesis, which is the theoretical basis of ordinary colleges and universities.
Basic and practical experience.
(3) Write an outline
Thesis outline can be divided into simple outline and detailed outline. A simple outline is highly generalized, which only shows the main points of the paper, and how to develop it is not involved. Although this outline is simple, it can be written fluently because of its thoughtfulness. Without this preparation, it is difficult to write fluently while thinking. Take "Thoughts on Cultivating and Perfecting the Construction Labor Market" as an example, you can write a simple outline as follows:
I. Introduction
Second, this theory
(A) the prerequisite for cultivating the construction labor market
(B) the basic situation of the current construction labor market
(C) countermeasures to cultivate and improve the construction labor market
Three. conclusion
A detailed outline is a detailed list of the main arguments and expanding parts of the paper. If you prepare a detailed outline before writing, you can write more fluently. Let's take "Thoughts on Cultivating and Perfecting the Construction Labor Market" as an example to introduce the writing method of the detailed outline:
I. Introduction
1. Put forward the central topic;
2. Explain the writing intention.
Second, this theory
(A) the prerequisite for cultivating the construction labor market
1. The establishment of the market economic system has created a macro environment for the emergence of the construction labor market;
2. The formation of construction product market puts forward realistic requirements for the cultivation of construction labor market;
3. The deepening of urban and rural system reform provides a reliable guarantee for the formation of the construction labor market;
4. The establishment of the construction labor market is the inherent requirement of the employment particularity of the construction industry.
(B) the basic situation of the current construction labor market
1. A buyer's market where supply exceeds demand;
2. An invisible market with a market and no market;
3. It is easy to enter the deformed market that is difficult to exit;
4. Spontaneous market of disorderly trading.
(C) countermeasures to cultivate and improve the construction labor market
1. unify thinking and understanding, and change spontaneous trading into conscious supervision;
2. Accelerate the establishment of rules and regulations, and change disorderly transactions into standardized transactions;
3. Improve the market network and change intangible transactions into tangible transactions;
4. Adjust the management structure and change personal flow into team flow;
5. Deepen employment reform and change one-way flow into two-way flow.
Three. conclusion
1, outlining the current market situation of construction services and our tasks;
2. Echo the preface at the beginning.
The simple outline and detailed outline mentioned above are the skeleton and main points of the paper. Which one to choose depends on the author's needs. If you are thoughtful and meticulous, it is not a big problem to use a simple outline; However, if the investigation is not well thought out, a detailed outline must be used, otherwise it will be difficult to write a qualified graduation thesis. In short, it will be much more convenient to write an outline before writing a graduation thesis.
Third, the drafting of graduation thesis outline
How to draw up the outline of graduation thesis? First of all, we should grasp the principle of writing the outline of graduation thesis, and therefore we should master the following four aspects:
(A) to have a global concept, starting from the whole to check the status and role of each part in the paper. See whether the proportion distribution of each part is appropriate, whether the length of each part is appropriate, and whether each part can serve the central argument. For example, there is a paper on the dialectical unity of deepening reform and stability in enterprises. Taking an enterprise in XX City, Zhejiang Province as an example, the author says that as long as cadres set an example in the reform ... >>
How to write a graduation thesis?
I recommend Gabor paper net, whose paper is very good. All kinds of reference materials have been downloaded, and he can also help write papers, which is quite popular recently.
How to write the conclusion of graduation thesis? How many words do you need?
The conclusion of graduation thesis is generally to summarize the previous events, and then put forward the future development prospects, existing problems and how to improve them.