First, investment in science and technology is increasing, and the scientific and technological team is growing.
Since the reform and opening up, in order to ensure the smooth implementation of the national scientific and technological development strategy and various scientific and technological development plans, China's investment in scientific and technological undertakings has been continuously enhanced, the investment in scientific and technological funds has increased substantially, and the scientific and technological team has been continuously developed and expanded, creating favorable conditions for the vigorous development of various scientific and technological activities and the emergence of a large number of scientific and technological achievements.
(A) rapid growth in investment in science and technology
In recent years, the state's support for scientific and technological innovation has been increasing, and the investment in science and technology in fiscal expenditure has increased year by year. In 2006, the national financial allocation for science and technology was 65.438+0689 billion yuan, which was 26./kloc-0 times of 65.438+0980, with an average annual growth of 654.38+03.4%.
With the increasing economic strength of the country, the government has taken effective measures to actively guide the whole society to increase investment in science and technology while increasing financial support. According to statistics, in 2007, the research and experimental development of the whole society (R&; D) Expenditure reached 3.7 1 0.20 billion yuan, which was 26. 1 times of1year, with an average annual increase of 22.6%; Per capita R & calculated according to the national population; D Expenditure is 280.8 yuan, which is 22.8 times that of 199 1. R & amp2007; The ratio of D expenditure to gross domestic product (GDP) is 1.49%, which is 0.84 percentage points higher than 1.99 1, indicating that the inclination of social resources allocation to independent research and development is increasing year by year. Judging from the situation in 2006, China ranked the sixth largest R&D investor in the world after the United States, Japan, Germany, France and Britain.
(2) The scientific and technological team is growing and the quality of personnel is constantly improving.
After the Third Plenary Session of the Eleventh Central Committee of the Communist Party of China, China's scientific and technological human resources have been rapidly restored and developed. By the end of 2007, state-owned enterprises and institutions had 22.55 million professional technicians in five categories, including engineering technicians, agricultural technicians, scientific researchers, health technicians and teaching staff, which was 5.2 times that of 1978. At the same time, the input of scientific and technological manpower in China has been increasing, and the level and quality of scientific and technological R&D personnel have been continuously improved, gradually forming a large-scale and high-level scientific and technological talent team. By 2007, the number of people engaged in scientific and technological activities in China was 4.544 million, which was twice that of 199 1. National research and experimental development (R&; D) The number of full-time employees is 6.5438+0.736 million person-years, including 6.5438+0.423 million person-years for scientists and engineers, which are 2.6 times and 3 times of 654.38+0.99 1 year respectively; The proportion of scientists and engineers increased from 70.3% in 199 1 to 82%, an increase of 1 1.7 percentage points. At present, the total number of R&D personnel in China is second only to the United States, ranking second in the world.
Second, the innovation system has made progress, and the dominant position of enterprises in scientific and technological activities has become increasingly apparent.
Promoting and perfecting the construction of national innovation system is not only the inevitable requirement of China's scientific and technological development, but also one of the goals of deepening the reform of scientific and technological system. In recent years, the construction of the national innovation system has progressed smoothly, especially the dominant position of enterprises in technological innovation has become more and more stable, and its role in promoting scientific and technological progress and economic development has become more and more obvious.
Statistics show that in 2007, the development of social research and experiment (R&; D) In terms of expenditure, all kinds of enterprises spent 26.8/kloc-0.90 billion yuan, five times that of 2000, accounting for the proportion of R& in the whole society; D 72.3% of the expenditure, an increase of 12.3 percentage points over 2000; Among them, the investment of leading large and medium-sized industrial enterprises is 21125 million yuan, which is 4.9 times of 1.995, with an average annual growth rate of 25.3%. The R&D expenditure of large and medium-sized industrial enterprises accounts for the whole society of R & D the proportion of expenditure has reached 56.9%, which is 65,438+06.3 percentage points higher than 65,438+0995.
The construction of enterprise technology innovation system with the establishment of enterprise technology center as the main form has been continuously strengthened, and industrial enterprises in national key enterprises have basically established enterprise technology centers. By 2007, there were 499 enterprise technology centers recognized by the state and 4023 provincial enterprise technology centers. In 2007, the R&D investment of enterprise technology centers recognized by the state exceeded 80 billion yuan, and the sales revenue of new products of enterprises exceeded 2 trillion yuan, further improving the independent innovation capability of enterprises.
The technological innovation fund for small and medium-sized scientific and technological enterprises is a special government fund approved by the State Council to support technological innovation of small and medium-sized scientific and technological enterprises. Since the fund was launched in June, 1999, * * * has allocated more than 7 billion yuan, of which 126 billion yuan was allocated in 2007. Innovation fund has played an active role in creating a good environment conducive to the innovation and development of small and medium-sized scientific and technological enterprises.
Third, the basic research work has been strengthened and the original innovation ability has been improved.
Basic research is the foundation of scientific and technological development, represents a country's original innovation ability and plays an important role in the sustainable development of the whole social economy. In the past three decades, China's basic research has made great progress and entered a leap period. From quantitative expansion to qualitative improvement, some fields have been at the forefront of the world.
In recent years, China's support for basic research has been increasing. According to statistics, the national basic research expenditure in 2007 was 65.438+07.45 billion yuan, 9.7 times of 654.38+0995. The investment in basic research reached 6.5438+0.38 million person-years, 2.3 times that of 654.38+0.99 1 year. The original innovation ability has been improved, and major breakthroughs have been made in hybrid rice, high-performance computers, high-temperature superconducting research, human genome sequencing, and a series of original and widely influential research results have emerged. A number of original innovations in frontier fields such as nano-science, quantum information and life science have had an important impact on the world. A number of innovative achievements have been made in key strategic demand areas such as prevention and treatment of major diseases and discovery of innovative drugs, exploration and development of mineral resources, energy conservation and emission reduction, and climate change prediction, making important contributions to sustainable economic and social development; The solution of some key scientific problems in the fields of chemical industry, steel, aluminum, polymer materials, cement, oil and gas exploration and development has achieved remarkable economic and social benefits. In recent years, the discovery of a new particle on the Beijing Electron-Positron Collider, the accurate measurement of the distance between the spiral arm of Perseus in the Milky Way and the solar system, the successful development of a new type of cerium-based metallic amorphous structure material, the discovery of fossils of Chengjiang fauna, and the completion of the complete sequencing of rice chromosome 4 also show that China's basic research and development is in a relatively active stage of innovation.
Four, the rapid development of high-tech industries, increasing international competitiveness.
(1) Remarkable achievements have been made in high-tech industries.
In order to track the forefront of the world's high-tech development, China began to implement the national high-tech research and development plan (863 plan for short, the same below) from 1986. Over the past 20 years, the smooth implementation of the "863 Program" has made a number of landmark achievements in the fields of high-performance computer development, microelectronic equipment, energy technology, biology and modern agriculture, and new materials. , mastered a number of major key technologies and industrial core technologies, cultivated a number of emerging industrial growth points, trained and condensed a number of high-tech innovative talents and teams, and laid the foundation for the sustainable development of high-tech R&D in China.
(2) The import and export trade of high-tech products is expanding.
The rapid development of high-tech industry has promoted the continuous expansion of import and export trade of high-tech products in China. According to statistics, the total import and export volume of high-tech products in China in 2007 reached 634.8 billion US dollars, which was 0.3 times that of11986 (there was no such statistics before1986). Among them, exports were 347.8 billion US dollars and imports were 287 billion US dollars, which were 484.4 times and 57.6 times of 1986 respectively. Import and export trade has changed from a deficit of $4.27 billion in 1986 to a surplus of $60.8 billion in 2007. The export of high-tech products is playing an increasingly important role in China's foreign trade. In 2007, the export of high-tech products accounted for 28.6% of the total merchandise export, which was 26.3 percentage points higher than that of 1986.
(3) Promote the construction of high-tech industrial development zones.
From 65438 to 0988, the government began to approve the establishment of national high-tech industrial development zones. Under the guidance and support of relevant national policies, the construction of China's high-tech industrial development zones has been continuously promoted, the number of enterprises in the zones has been increasing, regional agglomeration has been further accelerated, and industrial clusters have been accelerated. By the end of 2007, the number of national high-tech industrial development zones had increased from 27 to 54, the number of enterprises in the zones had increased from more than 1600 to more than 48,000, and the number of employees had increased from123,000 to 6.502 million. In 2007, the total revenue and output value reached 5.5 trillion yuan and 4.4 trillion yuan respectively, 726 times and 769 times of 1990 respectively. High-tech parks and economic and technological development zones have become important gathering places for high-tech industries in China.
Verb (abbreviation of verb) has made remarkable achievements in scientific and technological output, and its great achievements are inspiring.
(a) science and technology awards outstanding achievements, important achievements emerge in an endless stream.
According to statistics, from 198 1 to 2007, China * * * has completed 746,000 major scientific and technological achievements at or above the provincial or ministerial level; A total of 842 national natural science awards, 2962 national technological invention awards and 10099 national scientific and technological progress awards were won; Wu Wenjun, Yuan Longping, Wang Xuan, Huang Kun, Jin Yilian, Liu Dongsheng, Wang Yongzhi, Wu, Ye Duzheng, Min Enze, Wu Zhengyi and so on 12 scientists have won the highest national science and technology award since 2000. A number of scientific and technological workers who have made significant scientific and technological achievements and outstanding contributions have won state awards. These important achievements provide technical support for building an innovative country.
(2) The achievements in various fields are fruitful, and the major achievements have far-reaching influence.
Over the past 30 years, China's scientific and technological strength has been greatly improved, and a series of far-reaching and significant achievements have emerged in some key and frontier fields.
In the field of space science, China has not only mastered satellite recycling and multi-satellite technology with one arrow, but also ushered in two new milestones: the successful launch of the "Shenzhou" series of spacecraft independently developed by China, especially the successful manned space flight of Shenzhou 5, Shenzhou VI and Shenzhou VII, which has achieved a major breakthrough in manned space engineering; Chang 'e-1 successfully explored the moon, marking the success of China's first lunar exploration project, and China Aerospace successfully entered a new field of deep space exploration.
In the field of information technology, Galaxy series supercomputers have been successfully developed, and error avoidance codes in the field of quantum information are internationally recognized as the most exciting achievements in the field of quantum information. A breakthrough has been made in the research of ultra-high density information storage in nano-electronics, and a self-made 6000-meter underwater robot has completed the task of seabed investigation. The Dawning 4000A system, a high-performance computer with a peak operation speed of1000 trillion times per second, was officially launched, and the first 64-bit high-performance general-purpose CPU chip came out.
In the field of biological sciences, the hybrid rice technology that has solved the problem of feeding hundreds of millions of people has made a major breakthrough. The rice gene map was completed for the first time, and the human genome project 1% gene map was completed. For the first time, we located and cloned the gene of high-frequency deafness, Koga's natural type ⅱ, China's keratosis and other genetic diseases. Breakthrough progress has been made in somatic cloned sheep, transgenic test-tube cattle, gene sequencing of major diseases, diagnosis and treatment, etc.
In addition, the Three Gorges Project was successfully completed, the reservoir was successfully impounded, the permanent ship lock was navigable, and the first batch of generator sets were all put into production, and many indicators broke the world water conservancy project record; The opening of the Qinghai-Tibet Railway has successfully solved the worldwide problem of frozen soil construction. Qinshan Nuclear Power Station and Daya Bay Nuclear Power Station were successfully completed and put into use; New and old disciplines such as materials science, engineering technology science, earth system science, new energy technology, atomic energy technology, high-energy physics and so on have emerged a number of more influential and far-reaching major achievements.
(3) Great progress has been made in the patent industry, and the environment for intellectual property protection has improved significantly.
Patent status is an important indicator reflecting innovation ability and level. In order to protect intellectual property rights, encourage inventions and promote technical exchanges, the State formally implemented the Patent Law of People's Republic of China (PRC) on 1985. Since the implementation of the patent law for more than 20 years, China's intellectual property protection environment has improved significantly, the awareness of scientific and technological personnel on intellectual property rights has generally improved, and the number of patent applications and authorizations has increased year by year. From 1986 to 2007, the number of patent applications and patents granted in China increased at an average annual growth rate of 16.7% and 25% respectively. By the end of 2007, China Patent Department had accepted 33010.5 million domestic patent applications and granted10.79 million patents. Among them, 586,000 domestic patent applications were accepted in 2007, 25.4 times that of 1986; Among them, the number of applications for invention patents with high technology content is 6.5438+0.53 million, which is 20.2 times that of 6.5438+0.986; Invention patents accounted for 26. 1%. In 2007, 302,000 domestic patents were authorized, including 32,000 invention patents, which was 3.54.9 times that of 1.986; The proportion of invention patents is 10.6%, which is 7.4 percentage points higher than 1986. From the international comparison, according to the Patent Cooperation Treaty (PCT International Patent Application), which all major countries in the world are members, in 2007, the number of invention patent applications in China reached 5,456, ranking from 22nd in 1997 to 7th in the world.
The quantity and quality of papers have been improved, and the international status has been improved.
In recent years, with the continuous improvement of scientific research level, the number of papers published by China scientific and technological personnel at home and abroad has increased year by year, which has also rapidly narrowed the gap between China and the world's advanced level. In 2006, 405,000 scientific papers were published in China scientific journals, which was 4.6 times of 1990. According to the latest figures collected by several influential international retrieval tools, in 2006, SCI collected 7 1000 papers from China, which was 4.6 times of 1987. The world ranking of the total number of papers jumped from the 24th place in 1987 to the 5th place in 2006. EI) EI)》2006, the Engineering Index (EI) included 36,000 papers by China, which was 5.7 times that of 1987, and the world ranking rose from 10 to the second. In 2006, ISTP collected 65,000 papers from China, which was 36.7 times that of 1.987, and the world ranking jumped from 1.4 to second place. Judging from the citation of papers, from 2002 to 2006, 692,000 scientific and technological papers in China collected by SCI were cited, which was 4.9 times of the cumulative amount of 1995- 1999.
Over the past 30 years of reform and opening up, China's scientific and technological undertakings have flourished and achieved great achievements that have attracted worldwide attention. The development of science and technology has provided important support for economic development, social progress, improvement of people's livelihood and national security. The overall level ranks in the forefront of developing countries, and some scientific research fields have reached the international advanced level. But at the same time, we should also see that there are still many problems in the development of science and technology in China, and there is still a considerable gap between the level of science and technology in many fields and the developed countries in the world. In today's world, science and technology are developing with each passing day. Science and technology have become the main driving force to support and lead economic development and human civilization progress. Whoever has mastered advanced science and technology will have mastered the initiative of economic and social development, which is both an opportunity and a challenge.