About the three earliest art schools in the history of world art, the full text is as follows:
Abstract: People often say that artistic schools are the product of artistic development. The emergence of different artistic schools is the aesthetic opinions and ideological tendencies of artists under the guidance of a certain world outlook, using their rich emotions and artistic accomplishment to meet people's special spiritual needs through their own creative work. The competition and struggle between different schools is an important condition to promote the development and prosperity of art.
Keywords: school of art, school of art aesthetics
The emergence of artistic schools is a phenomenon that only occurs when art develops to a mature stage, and it needs unique works of art as the foundation. The prerequisite for the formation of an art school is to have a certain number of artists and a variety of artistic expression means. In fact, artistic creation, as a special spiritual product, contains many complicated contents, and artistic schools focus on distinguishing various artistic schools with different characteristics from the perspective of art history. Since17th century, there have been major artistic schools in the history of art, such as classicism, romanticism, realism, naturalism and modernism.
1 classical theory
Classical art originated in France in the17th century, and then spread to Britain, Germany and other countries. It refers to the art exemplified by ancient Greek and Roman art, which generally has the characteristics of clarity, preciseness, image and harmony, praises idealism and is ambitious, and mostly takes myths, bibles and historical stories as themes. Greek sculpture is the highest example of classical art. Greek sculptures show very specific images, and gods are always represented as human beings. In the image of human body, divinity has changed from special humanity to universal humanity. However, although it exists in the form of an individual, God still has to maintain its universality, which embodies the spirit of silence, elegance and rationalism in classical art. Sculpture is the most suitable to express this feature, because it only exists in a static way.
Raphael had a great influence on classicism. As one of the greatest painters in the Italian Renaissance, Raphael's art is marked by elegance, elegance, harmony and high perfection. His works fully embody the order of tranquility, harmony, coordination, symmetry, perfection and tranquility. Such as Raphael's The Virgin Son, which is consistent with the elegance and harmony advocated by classicism. /kloc-classicism before 0/8th century, with real emphasis on details and typicality; Has a strong political tendency and ideal, and works of art are generally rational; The requirements for form are very strict, and the artistic language is refined and delicate. /kloc-In the second half of the 0/8th century, the contradiction between the bourgeoisie and the feudal aristocracy became increasingly acute, and a huge revolutionary storm was brewing in France. They hate rococo art which is too delicate and rouge powder, and expect more magnificent and noble art to appear. A large number of artists have enriched the classical tradition with their exploration of new realism, set off an upsurge of studying and studying ancient art, and emerged a new retro movement, which is called neoclassicism in the history of art.
2 Romantic theory
/kloc-In the first half of the 0/9th century, after the baptism of the Great Revolution, the status of the French bourgeoisie was gradually established. At this time, the political environment is relatively relaxed, and it has become a new social fashion to pursue the expression of personal feelings and emphasize self. Spirit needs freedom, but the images of heroes and gods expressed by classicism are limited after all, which is out of tune with the spirit of the times. This contradiction led to the disintegration of classical art, followed by romantic art.
Romanticism emphasizes subjectivity, individuality, emotion and irrationality, which is in sharp contrast with academic classicism. It yearns for returning to nature, expressing ideals, abandoning the artistic traditions of ancient Greece and Rome, and radiating artistic individuality with strong passion and imagination. Compared with classical art, romantic art shows people's subjective world, retreats from the material world to the spiritual world, pursues everyone's inner ideal beauty, and highlights self-subjectivity, thus stimulating artists' creative emotions.
In artistic creation, romanticism no longer takes nature as the prototype, but uses nature as a disguise, with a poetic imagination and enthusiasm, and entrusts personal feelings through specific artistic images. Romantic artists generally express their pursuit of ideal life and pursue that colorful realm with a spirit beyond reality. Romanticism is characterized by idealism. The pursuit of ideals keeps romantic artists enthusiastic about artistic creation; It is lyrical. Romantic artists pay attention to the world of the soul and the feeling of the soul to life; It's unreal.
Imagination and exaggeration are often used in artistic techniques, and the authenticity of details is not pursued. The Journey to the West, the fairy tale of the Monkey King's seventy-two changes, used rich imagination and exaggeration; Another example is Blake, one of the pioneers of British romantic art, whose masterpiece "God Created Adam", in which God spread his long wings and flew forward rapidly in the air, and Adam was wrapped around by a snake. Both images are in the rhythm of exaggerated colors and lines, making a breakthrough in the image of God, making bold attempts in techniques and materials, and using the combination of oil painting and watercolor. This unexpected artistic effect brings a dreamlike feeling to people. In France, the romantic movement has a far-reaching influence, and the romantic painting art represented by Gillick and Delacroix has reached a new height.
3 Realistic theory
Realism is an artistic trend of thought in western Europe in the19th century, as opposed to romanticism. It truly and objectively reproduces the social reality and can fully express the typical characteristics of real life with artistic images. Because the works of realistic artists mostly expose and criticize the dark side of their society, they are also called critical realism.
French painter Courbet directly used and explained the preface of his solo exhibition for the first time in 1855? Realism? In a word: realism faithfully shows the customs, ideas and features of that era it saw. Realism, as a creative method and a formed art school, has a long history in human history and is one of the most important artistic creation methods and schools in human art history. Realism schools generally have three characteristics. First, the pursuit of the authenticity of life, the representative works are Tolstoy's Anna? Karenina, let the characters in the book? They did what they always did and should have done in real life, not what I wanted them to do. ? Second, the pursuit of typicality, artists should process and create art in real life, and strive to establish typical figures in typical environments.
Zhao Shuli described the common phenomenon of government in charge and free love during the land reform period. Xiao erhei and Xiao Qin, two brave people who pursue happiness, as typical figures, reproduce the social environment and facts at that time. Zhao Shuli caught a typical figure in a typical period and showed us the reality of life in that period. The third is to pursue the concealment of ideological tendency. It organically combines the expression of subjective feelings and ideological tendencies with the reproduction of objective social life scenes. As Engels said:? We shouldn't forget realism for ideas and Shakespeare for Schiller? ,? Tendencies should be naturally revealed from scenes and plots, and should not be specifically pointed out; At the same time, I don't think writers need to impose future solutions to the described history of social conflicts on readers? .