(1. Institute of Hydrogeology and Environmental Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Shijiazhuang, Hebei 050061;

Institute of Geology, Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing100037; 3. Chinese Academy of Geological Sciences, Beijing 100037)

1 Zhoukoudian order name and its source

In 1963, the China Cenozoic edited by Pei Wenzhong, Zhou Mingzhen and Zheng Jiajian of the National Stratigraphic Committee named the Middle Pleistocene cave accumulation in Zhoukoudian as "Zhoukoudian Period". 1999 12 The Quaternary Working Group of the Second National Stratigraphic Committee once again proposed the establishment of Zhoukoudian Stage during the dating work conference of the Ming Tombs. In 2002, it was officially listed in the chronostratigraphic table of China region.

2 Zhoukoudian Stratum and Sub-Stratum Profile Position

Zhoukoudian step is named Zhoukoudian, fangshan county, which is located 59 kilometers southwest of Beijing, with the geographical coordinate of 39 42' north latitude and 1 16 ... The stratigraphic section is located in the Ordovician limestone cave in Longgushan, Zhoukoudian, and its number is Zhoukoudian No.1, the origin of Chinese ape-man fossils, which can be reached by car (Figure 1.

Figure 1 Traffic Location Map of Zhoukoudian Stratified Section in Fangshan, Beijing

In order to make a wider regional comparison, in 2006-2007, Zhang Zonghu, Min and others established a sub-layer profile of Zhoukoudian Stage in Taiergou, Haojiatai, in Nihewan Basin, Yangyuan, Hebei, more than 200 kilometers away from Beijing. Xuanda Expressway and Qinda Railway can reach Huashaoying Town (Figure 2).

Fig. 2 Bitmap of traffic area in the sub-layer section of Taiergou, Haojiatai, Ying Shao, Yangyuan, Hebei Province.

Profile description of Zhoukoudian stage strata

3. 1 Zhoukoudian, Fangshan, Beijing 1 Stratigraphic profile of the site.

The cave at the location of 1 is140m long from east to west and 20m wide from north to south, and gradually narrows to the west. The accumulation layer is basically composed of alternating layers of breccia and non-breccia formed by frost cracking and physical weathering. The thickness of the profile in the cave is different, but it is divided into 13 layers from top to bottom, with a total thickness of 35.00 m..

Research report on the construction of major dating strata in China: 2006 ~ 2009.

3.2 Stratigraphic profile of Zhoukoudian stage in Haojiatai Taiergou, Shaoying, Yangyuan, Hebei Province.

The summary description is shown in Figure 3.

Fig. 3 Histogram of Zhoukoudian Stage Strata in Haojiatai Taiergou, Yangyuan, Hebei Province.

4. Definition of the bottom boundary of Zhoukoudian steps

4. 1 Lithologic characteristics

(1) The lithology of the bottom 13 layer of Zhoukoudian stratotype profile in Fangshan, Beijing is: red silty clay breccia layer, strongly weathered, with a thickness of 2.0 m. ..

(2) The lithology at the bottom of Zhoukoudian Stratigraphic Profile in Haojiatai Taiergou, Ying Shao, Yangyuan, Hebei Province is: light red clay layer 1 light yellow green sandy clay layer, with a thickness of1.6 m. ..

From the lithology of (1) and (2), it can be seen that the Zhoukoudian period was in a strong oxidation environment, so the lithology was red.

4.2 Magnetic Strata and Isotopic Age

(1) When the stratotype section of the first site in Zhoukoudian, Fangshan, Beijing belongs to paleomagnetism positive polarity, the bottom of 13 layer is about 0.78 Ma(B/M boundary). Layer age12: (0.641.032) ma (ESR).

(2) The bottom of the sub-layer profile of Taiergou, Haojiatai, Ying Shao, Yangyuan, Hebei Province is 65438±0.6m, about 0.80 Ma, which is lower than the B/M boundary of paleomagnetic polar column.

According to (1) and (2) magnetic stratigraphic analysis, the age of the bottom of Zhoukoudian Stage is about 0.78Ma(B/M).

4.3 Paleontological signs

(1) The sporopollen analysis of the stratotype profile of the first station in Zhoukoudian, Fangshan, Beijing shows that the 13 layer (i.e. the bottom of the profile) is a sporopollen poor zone, and only a few samples can be seen, such as Artemisia (Artemisia) and Selaginella (Selaginella).

(2) The results of sporopollen analysis at the bottom of Zhoukoudian Stage of Ying Shao Haojiatai Taiergou Sub-stratigraphic Section in Yangyuan, Hebei Province show that the sporopollen content is low, mainly in Artemisia and Gramineae. Ostracoda analysis showed that the main molecules were limnocythhere dubiosa (suspected lake flower medium), limnocythheresancti-Patric II (single-tumor lake flower medium), Ilyocypris gibba (uplift Saturn medium), Limnocytherebinoda (double-tumor lake flower medium), Leucocythere plethora (plump white flower medium) and so on. Among them, limnocythhere dubiosa has an absolute advantage and can be used as.

Chronostratigraphic and biostratigraphic characteristics description of unit stratotype in Zhoukoudian Phase V.

5. 1 Zhoukoudian chronostratigraphy and main paleontological characteristics of Fangshan No.1 site in Beijing.

5. 1. 1 isotopic age and magnetic strata

1) oxygen isotope measurement results: the non-breccia layer can be compared with the odd oxygen isotope profile of the Pacific Ocean V28-238, representing the interglacial period; The breccia layer can be compared with the flat section and represents the ice age.

2) Uranium series dating results

Research report on the construction of major dating strata in China: 2006 ~ 2009.

The age value of the seventh layer is 0.37 ~0.40 Ma.

Research report on the construction of major dating strata in China: 2006 ~ 2009.

The age value of 10 layer is: (0.462±0.054)Ma.

3) Thermoluminescence dating results

The age values of the fourth stratum are (0.292±0.026)Ma and (0.312 0.028) Ma, respectively.

The age value of 10 layer is 0.4 17 ~0.592Ma.

4) fission track dating results

The age value of the fourth layer is: (0.306±0.056)Ma.

The age value of 10 layer is: (0.46±0.045)Ma.

5)ESR dating results

The age value of the fourth layer is: (0.306±0.056)Ma.

The age value of 10 layer is: (0.462±0.045)Ma.

6) Dating results of amino acid racemization method

The age values of the 8th and 9th floors are 0.390Ma.

7) Paleomagnetic survey

When the whole section belongs to Brunhes positive polarity, the distance from the bottom of 13 layer is about 0.73Ma.

5. 1.2 mammalian fossils

Represented by Peking man and swollen bone deer, the main components are:

Homo erectus Peking (1929 ~ 1933) was named Chinese ape-man (Sinanbhropus pekinensis Black).

A fat young deer, a swollen deer

Hyenas in China.

Yang Shihu is a fan of BYJ.

Three-door horse's three-door teilhard et pivetean

sabre-toothed tiger

Coelodonta Antiquitatis in Blumenbach

The big beaver of the megalithic family

Mei's rhino

Schlosser Giant Camel

Ursus Spaius Blumenbach, the Cave Bear.

German buffalo

Na ma Xiang gu long

Cheetah thistle

A porcupine

Beijing musk. Juvenile Beijing ape

Pei's wildebeest

Young macaque, an excellent macaque.

bamboo rat

Primitive mole

Lupus canis

Fox.

Leopard cat.

5. 1.3 characteristics of sporopollen assemblage zone

13 layer: the sporopollen is poor, and only a few samples are seen: Artemisia and Selaginella sinensis.

Layer 12 ~ 10: temperate deciduous broad-leaved forest-Juglans mandshurica-Ulmus pumila-Quercus-Artemisia combined grassland.

The 8th and 9th floors: Selaginella sinensis-Selaginella deliciosa-Betula platyphylla-Elm combination.

Layer 7: Rosaceae-Humulus-Gramineae combination.

Layer 6: Selaginella sinensis -unicina-Riccia combination.

Layer 5: Not sampled.

Layer 4 ~ 1: Chenopodiaceae-Artemisia-Polygonum-Selaginella-Pinus combination.

5.2 Chronostratigraphy and main paleontological characteristics of Zhoukoudian Stage in Haojiatai Taiergou, Yangyuan, Hebei Province.

5.2. 1 paleomagnetism B /M boundary is above the underground boundary of Zhoukoudian stage 1.6 m, so its bottom boundary is close to the B /M boundary, about 0.80 Ma.

The top boundary of Zhoukoudian terrace is in Figure 3, which is about 120 ka below the sampling point of 143 layer (118.0 25.7) ka age, which is close to the boundary of Pliocene 128 ka.

5.2.2 Combinatorial Characteristics of Ostracoda

There are abundant ostracods in Zhoukoudian period, which are composed of lacustrine fossils (lacustrine fossils), ichthyozoan fossils (Saturn fossils) and eupanzoa fossils (eupanzoa). The main molecules are: Limnocythere dubiosa, Limnocythere Sancti-Patric II, Ilyocypris cornea, Ilyocypris dunschanensis, Eucypris inflata and other fossils. The sedimentary environment is lake facies, with warm and dry climate and salty water.

5.2.3 Characteristics of Sporopollen Assemblage Fragments

With the bottom (depth 19.45m) of 138 in Figure 3 as the boundary, it is divided into two combined sections.

Lower assemblage: low sporopollen content, sporopollen concentration of 0.9 ~ 22.3 grains/g, and woody plant pollen is mainly Pinus, Picea (Picea) and Abies (Abies). Herb pollen is mainly Artemisia and Chenopodiaceae, which can not accurately reflect the vegetation characteristics of this section.

Upper assemblage: Sporopollen concentration is 3.2 ~ 24.8 grains/g, and woody plant pollen accounts for 0 ~ 66.7%, including Pinus, Picea and Cupressaceae; Herb pollen accounts for 33.3% ~ 100%, mainly distributed in Artemisia and Gramineae, and occasionally distributed in Polypodiaceae. The sporopollen assemblage reflects the vegetation characteristics of sparse grassland composed of coniferous and broad-leaved plants, and the climate is relatively warm and dry.

6 pairs of related systems

6. 1 Beijing Fangshan Zhoukoudian stage has a good contrast in Zhoukoudian area.

The 1 site has 10 ~ 13 floors, which can be compared with Zhoukoudian No.9 and 13 sites.

The 4th-9th floors of 1 can be compared with the 8th, 6th, 5th and 2nd floors of Zhoukoudian.

The 1 ~ 3 floor of1site can be compared with Zhoukoudian 15, 4, 2 1, 23, 24 and 20 sites.

1 Layers (4) and (5) on the west side of the northern slope of Taiping Mountain in the northeast of the site can also be compared with this period.

6.2 The Zhoukoudian period of Haojiatai in Yangyuan, Hebei Province has a good contrast in the eastern part of Nihewan Basin.

According to the paleomagnetic survey, the B/M boundary, that is, the bottom boundary of Zhoukoudian steps, has been measured in Xiaodukou section, Xiaochangliang section, Xilujiaoliang section, Donggou section, Dongyaozitou section and Hongya section in Yuxian County. Its boundary is generally buried 22 ~ 34 m east of Hulu River and 10 m west of Hulu River. It can be seen that Zhoukoudian Stage is widely distributed in the east of Yangyuan Basin, including the lower reaches of Liu Hu. Near Guanting Village and above the top of Zhoukoudian Terrace, we found more than 10 fragments of ancient human teeth and skulls, dating from about 1 10000. The Zhoukoudian Stage in Hongya Village contains a combination of ostracods Limnocythere dubiosa (suspected lake-flower interface)-L.sanctipatricii (single-tumor lake-flower interface) -L.binoda (double-tumor lake-flower interface), just like Taiergou in Haojiatai.

6.3 Comparison with other regions in China

Chenjiawo Formation in Weihe Basin, northern China (1) is equivalent to the early accumulation of Zhoukoudian period; Dali Formation is equivalent to the late accumulation of Zhoukoudian period.

(2) The cave deposits of Yanjinggou in Sichuan, Bijiashan in northern Guangxi and Beihai Formation in Leizhou Peninsula all belong to the same period as Zhoukoudian period.

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