First, abbreviations are used very often. For the convenience of narration, abbreviations can be customized for some long and frequently used nouns in the manuscript, but the full names should be written when they first appear, and the abbreviated forms should be written in parentheses. After that, you can use abbreviations directly and uniformly, but you must not mix full names with abbreviations.

Second, commonly used abbreviations. Common abbreviations can be directly used as the full names of medical terms. Some concise and accurate abbreviations. Do not use English abbreviations, such as white blood cells, red blood cells, body temperature, etc.

Third, English abbreviations. For the unfamiliar English abbreviations used for the first time in the manuscript, we should first write the Chinese translation full name, then write the English full name in brackets, then write the abbreviations after commas, and then write the abbreviations directly; For familiar nouns, English full names can be omitted in most cases, such as low-density lipoprotein. For English abbreviations that people are already familiar with, we can write abbreviations directly like Chinese abbreviations, such as DNA and RNA.

Fourth, avoid colloquialism. For example, the abbreviation of "premature ventricular contraction" is incorrect. But "biochemistry" can be abbreviated as "biochemistry", which is an accepted standard abbreviation.

Fifth, readability. There should not be too many abbreviations in the paper, including user-defined abbreviations, especially for papers aimed at grassroots readers or comprehensive medical journals, which will seriously affect the readability of the paper.

Six, the usage of abbreviations in the title of the paper. Try not to use abbreviations in the title, unless they are well-known abbreviations, or very professional or specialized abbreviations, which are intended to be submitted to special magazines.