Topic of senior thesis on architecture: Talking about building energy saving and building planning and design.
There are many factors related to building energy efficiency, including the development of regional technology, culture, society and economy; It also includes climatic conditions, geographical environment, planning and layout of building materials, construction technology, etc. The design stage from planning to construction drawing is the key link of building energy conservation. This paper analyzes the significance of building planning and design to building energy saving, and puts forward effective measures to realize building energy saving in building planning and design.
Architectural planning and design; Building energy saving; effective measure
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Building energy conservation is a complex, all-round and comprehensive system engineering, and it is also a long-term and arduous task. In order to reduce energy consumption from the root, designers should study, try, accumulate and summarize more in design, and better combine architectural functions with art and technology under limited conditions, so that all aspects of architectural design can embody the principle of energy saving, and strive to build energy-saving buildings with low cost and high efficiency.
First, the significance of building planning and design for building energy efficiency
1. The design scheme affects the direct energy consumption of the project construction.
In engineering design, the choice of architecture and structural scheme has great influence on the direct energy consumption of buildings. For example, there are technical, economic and analytical problems in the selection of facade form, height and floor number, foundation type and structural form. The average steel for housing construction in China is 55kg per square meter, which is 10% ~ 25% higher than that in developed countries. The cement consumption is 22 1, 5 kg, and the cement consumption per cubic meter is 80kg more than that in developed countries. According to statistics, the technical, economic and reasonable design can reduce the direct energy consumption of engineering construction by 5% ~ 10%, or even reach 10% ~ 20%.
2. The design scheme affects the energy consumption after completion.
In the scheme design, architects need to optimize the orientation, shape and orientation of buildings, and must create conditions for making full use of natural resources such as natural wind and sunshine. At the same time, building materials must also be optimized; The design of exterior wall, floor, partition wall, roof, glass and window frame needs to be quantified and optimized; The ratio of window to wall needs to be optimized on the premise of energy saving and comfortable living. From scheme design to preliminary design, engineers need to simulate and quantify the energy consumption of buildings, calculate the installation power of air conditioning and heating equipment, compare various influencing factors, and finally provide customers with the best design scheme. For example, in the air conditioning and heating equipment market, various brands and models dazzle consumers. Air conditioning equipment includes air source heat pump, ground source heat pump, fan coil unit, floor heating, radiant refrigeration, heating system, indoor central air conditioning, frequency conversion unit, water system, refrigerant system, etc. The initial investment and operating cost of these air conditioning systems are quite different, so consumers or project developers can easily make correct decisions by simulating and quantifying the initial investment cost, annual energy consumption and energy cost. For example, in some Olympic venues in Beijing, in order to reduce energy consumption, designers did not use ordinary fresh air systems and air conditioning systems, but optimized their designs many times to find the best energy-saving scheme. In order to realize natural ventilation and improve indoor environment, intelligent electric window is adopted, which solves the problem of fresh air well. In the air conditioning design of venues (including? Water cube? And then what? The Bird's Nest adopts the energy-saving air conditioning system designed by United Technologies Development Corporation of America. Through the application of heat recovery technology in air conditioning system, the energy saving rate of the system is 10%. In this system, a heat recovery device is installed on the water chiller, and a new heat pipe heat recovery device is adopted in the air processor, which can recover 50% of the total heat emitted by the venue. Part of the recovered heat energy is used to heat swimming pool water and domestic water, and the other part is used to heat fresh air.
Second, effective measures to achieve building energy conservation in building planning and design
Building energy efficiency starts from the source, that is, from planning and design. A good building planning and design, through effective building technical measures, can reduce building energy consumption by 2/3 to 3/4. Therefore, in architectural planning and design, we should pay attention to the use of natural environment (topography, water system, greening, etc.) according to the influence of large-scale climatic conditions and the specific environmental and climatic characteristics of the building itself. ) create a good indoor and outdoor microclimate for the building.
1, energy-saving design of building planning
(1) Building site selection, building layout and energy-saving design of monsoon wind direction
In cold areas, it is beneficial to make full use of solar energy to arrange buildings in sunny and sheltered places, and shelter from the wind can minimize the heat loss of buildings. In the hot area in the south, the design should consider that buildings and streets are basically consistent with the local dominant wind direction in summer, so as to strengthen the heat exchange in different areas of the city and promote the flow and release of heat.
(2) Energy-saving design of architectural modeling, orientation and spacing.
In architectural design, it is necessary to properly control the building shape coefficient, and a reasonable building shape can reduce the heat exchange between the building and the outside world. Usually, measures such as reducing the building width, increasing the depth or combination, increasing the number of buildings and choosing a long building shape are adopted to control the shape coefficient. Building orientation has a great influence on building energy saving. The north-south orientation of buildings in the northern cold region is conducive to the collection of heat by sunlight in winter and the reduction of energy consumption.
(3) Outdoor space environment, greening and energy-saving design
The rational layout of water surface and green space should be considered in the planning of building environment. The configuration of water surface and green space can adjust temperature and increase air humidity, shade and prevent radiation, improve indoor thermal environment and reduce energy consumption of indoor heating and air conditioning. According to the topography and microclimate of different areas, reasonable arrangement of trees and vegetation with different heights and types in the planning can create a shading environment for buildings in summer, guide ventilation airflow and prevent cold wind in winter. The greening of building walls, balconies, window sills and roofs can effectively alleviate the temperature difference changes of building surfaces caused by exposure to sunlight and showers, so that most of the radiant heat is blocked from entering the envelope and being transmitted indoors, thus improving the ecology and indoor environment.
2. Energy-saving design of building envelope
The design of building envelope components, such as exterior walls, roofs, doors and windows, foundations, overhanging or overhead floors, has a fundamental impact on building energy consumption, environmental performance, indoor air quality and indoor comfortable environment. Through technical means, the thermal performance of building envelope can be improved, and the heat from outside to inside in summer and the heat loss in winter can be reduced, so as to improve the thermal environment of the building, reduce the energy consumption of cold and heat, and achieve the purpose of building energy conservation.
(1) exterior wall energy-saving design
Building exterior wall is a large part of the building envelope exposed to the atmosphere, and it is one of the key points of energy saving of the envelope. Exterior walls are divided into light exterior walls (non-load-bearing), load-bearing exterior walls (brick-concrete structure or reinforced concrete structure) and composite walls (self-insulation walls). Different external wall forms adopt different external thermal insulation structural systems to meet the requirements of building energy conservation. At the same time, the external wall should also meet the requirements of building sound insulation. At present, the main materials used for external wall insulation are: polystyrene foam board, extruded insulation board, rubber powder polystyrene particle slurry and so on.
(2) Roof energy-saving design
Roof energy saving can improve the ecological environment by adding insulation layer, installing ventilation layer and planting insulation roof. In addition, the sloping roof can be used for ventilation and heat dissipation in the attic. The insulation layer can prevent the solar radiation heat absorbed by the roof from being transmitted indoors. The sun visor on the overhead roof intercepts the solar radiation heat, and transfers the absorbed heat to the air through the ventilation air interlayer, which is taken away with the wind. Planting water storage roof blocks solar radiation heat by planting some plants on the roof, and realizes the resource transformation of solar radiation heat, and the roof temperature changes little.
(3) Energy-saving design of exterior door and window system
External doors and windows are the most active and sensitive parts of heat exchange and heat conduction in buildings, and their thermal insulation and air tightness have a great influence on heating energy consumption, which is 5 ~ 6 times of the heat loss of walls. They should be the key parts of energy saving and an important link to improve the indoor thermal environment quality and improve building energy saving. In order to reduce the energy consumption of exterior doors and windows, measures can be taken to improve the thermal insulation performance of doors and windows according to local conditions, such as improving the air tightness of doors and windows, adopting appropriate area ratio of window to wall, increasing the number of windows and using shutters.
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In a word, architecture is a complex involving many disciplines, and the complete building energy-saving work includes the whole life cycle process from initial planning and scheme to years of design, construction, operation and use, and finally demolition and reconstruction. However, in the past, we only paid attention to the reduction of direct construction cost, but neglected the utilization of energy consumption in operation stage. Judging from the resource consumption in the process of residential use, compared with developed countries, under the same technical conditions, China's residential use energy consumption is 2 ~ 3 times that of developed countries. Now, we must optimize the design of buildings with the concept of energy saving in the whole life cycle, that is, to realize the necessary functions with low life cycle energy consumption and obtain rich life cycle economic benefits.
References:
[1] Dou Yide, architectural planning and design is an important link to realize energy conservation and emission reduction [J], urban housing, 20 1 1, (0 1)
[2] Zhang Qiaomei, on the details of building energy-saving design [J], Shanxi Architecture, 20 1 1, (03)
[3] Qin Jie, Research on Planning and Design of Energy-saving Buildings [J], Heilongjiang Science and Technology Information, 201,(12)
[4] Tian Tian, Talking about Energy-saving Design of Residential Building Environment Planning [J], Sichuan Building Materials, 20 1, (01)
[5] Zheng Fei, on the planning and design of ecological energy-saving buildings [J], Guangdong Building Materials, 20 1 1, (04)
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