You can write a paper on this issue. . . First of all, in general, let's talk about some basic problems. The airspace of aircraft flight can be legally divided into two parts, one is the national airspace; The other part is the airspace outside the national airspace, which is the space for countries to sail freely; National airspace is a space dominated by national sovereignty. then what Free space aside. National airspace has four rights: ① the right to develop and utilize airspace resources. This right is exclusive, and foreign aircraft are not allowed to fly over or fly in without the permission of the state. In order to safeguard the sovereignty and security of the national airspace, the state may take appropriate measures such as warning, interception, forced landing and expulsion against foreign aircraft illegally entering the country. However, force shall not be used against civil aircraft. 1984 adds Article 3 of the Convention on International Civil Aviation (Chicago Convention for short): "(1) Each contracting state recognizes that attacking a civil airliner in flight by force is an act that all countries must avoid. If the passenger plane must be intercepted, the passengers and crew in the passenger plane should not be threatened, and the safety of the passenger plane should also be ensured. This provision should not be understood as changing the provisions of the Charter of the United Nations on the rights and obligations of States. The purpose of formulating this regulation is to ensure the flight safety of civil passenger aircraft in flight ............................................................................................................................................................... ③ Retain the right of domestic transportation. ④ Establish a no-fly zone in the air. This is where the Ukrainian government is criticized by the international community. Article 9 of the Chicago Convention on International Civil Aviation. For reasons of military necessity or public security, each contracting state may restrict or prohibit the overflight of aircraft from other countries in certain areas of its territory, but in this respect, there should be no difference between the aircraft of the country to which the territory belongs engaged in scheduled international flights and those of other contracting states engaged in the same flight. The scope and location of these restricted areas should be reasonable to avoid unnecessary obstacles to air navigation. The description of such restricted areas within the territory of a Contracting State and any subsequent changes shall be notified to other Contracting States and the International Civil Aviation Organization as soon as possible. 2. Under special circumstances, or in an emergency, or for the sake of public safety, each Contracting State also reserves the right to temporarily restrict or prohibit aircraft from flying over all or part of its territory and take effect immediately, but such restrictions or prohibitions shall apply to aircraft of all other countries, regardless of their nationality. 3. Each Contracting State may, according to its regulations, land any aircraft entering the area referred to in the first or second paragraph as soon as possible at the designated airport in its territory. The above is the foundation, and then. . . The rest is simple. Airlines generally have insurance companies at the bottom, and the rest is naturally who caused the disaster and who compensated for the losses. . . The first trial in the history of the International Court of Justice for attacking a civil aircraft was 1988, when the United States shot down an Iranian passenger plane 655 (accidentally or intentionally). Under the pressure of the international court of justice, the United States refused to plead guilty, and finally gave Iran an ex gratia payment of/kloc-0.38 billion in exchange for Iran's withdrawal (not compensation). Comparing this case with Malaysia Airlines MH 17, it is really not a good idea to make the suzerain plead guilty. Of course, people soon forgot about these people, and in the end, they all became victims of politics and the media. If the subject is interested, you can read the related paper: International Law Issues of the Principle of Prohibiting the Use of Force against Civil Aircraft Li Bojun Xiangtan University Wiki: Iran Airlines Flight 655 crashed.

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