Widely used in the Eastern Han Dynasty. At that time, it was not only used for important buildings, but also for ordinary feudal landlords' houses. At that time, it was mostly used in capitals and corners, and it was rarely used to make up. There are even fewer Castanopsis kawakamii on the 40-degree line. Only on both sides of corner columns or corners, cornices are provided. The shape of the bucket varies from place to place, generally only one jump, which can be divided into several types according to the shape:
Stigma is spread or put in the bucket of stigma, which can jump or not. There are three kinds of buckets that can't jump: real racket, two liters in a bucket and three liters in a bucket.
(Real shot: a short crossbar is placed on the stigma, and both ends of the bottom edge are bent upward, which looks like a coffin, and there is no loose bucket at both ends, which directly supports the eaves.
Jump out of stigma: mostly used in pavilions. Pick out the eaves at a certain distance from the wall with a creel, and put a bucket of three liters or a bucket of two liters on the creel head. )
When Doudou developed to the Southern and Northern Dynasties, due to the prosperity of Buddhism, there were animal-shaped and flower-shaped Li Gou. It is still very common to jump only once and lift two liters in a bucket. Compared with the Han and Jin dynasties, it is only used for patching, and the form is mostly human.
In the Sui Dynasty, an important struggle framework-Ang appeared.
By the Tang Dynasty, all kinds of fighting moves had been finalized, and by the Song Dynasty, there were complete regulations, from the simplest "head and neck" not to jump to "mouth-to-mouth jump"; You can jump up to five times and reach a huge bucket composed of eight shops. With the cooperation of Ang Shang Ang, almost all important buckets appear. At that time, most of the jumps were called "stealing the heart" when some components were reduced, and "calculating the heart" when they were not reduced.
After the yuan dynasty, almost all of them were made by heart. In the barrel, each hop is composed of a single weighing box with only one floor, and each hop is composed of two weighing boxes. In some areas, it is very special to use the three-storey car in the center.
Before the Yuan Dynasty, except Sipu made a jump, most jumps were made at the first jump, and the first jump was not used until there was a fake jump in the Yuan Dynasty.
In the Qing dynasty, the two-jump bucket was also used in the style of heavy altitude. During the Liao Dynasty and the Northern Song Dynasty, "diagonal lines" appeared in buildings near Liao. In the early days, only diagonal lines were used in the gladiator, and then 45-degree diagonal lines and 60-degree diagonal lines appeared. In the Jin Dynasty, there were examples of 40-degree and 60-degree inclined beams used in a bucket. The Yuan Dynasty was similar to the Jin Dynasty, except that the inclined beams in the Ming Dynasty were relatively small, and some of them were inclined beams (fake beams). Inclined beams and inclined beams were often used in many local buildings in the Qing Dynasty, but the increase of sculpture was easily different from that before the Ming Dynasty. In the mid-Ming Dynasty, there was a kind of "wishful fighting", taking the archway in the early Qing Dynasty and Zhenwu Pavilion in Jingliutai, Rong County, Guangxi as examples.
About a few steps:
1, when it comes to how many steps have been taken, this "less" is strange.
2. The door is inward and outward. It was called "stepping out" in Qing Dynasty. Every time a row of bricks is added inward or outward centered on righteousness, it is called a step. (The horizontal distance between two frames is called "towing frame", and the engineering practice of the Ministry of Industry stipulates that each towing frame is 3 buckets wide). If you choose a drag frame from the inside and outside, it is called three steps, and three rows of horizontal frames are arranged in the width direction. Pick out the inner and outer two drag brackets, which are called five pedals, and arrange five rows of cross bars in the width direction. Pick out three trailers inside and outside, called seven treads, and arrange seven rows of cross bars in the width direction. Pick out four inner and outer drag frames, called nine treads, and arrange nine rows of cross bars in the width direction. (So how many steps are there: number of trailers ×2 (inside and outside trailers)+1)
About how to be arrogant and proud:
1, Joe, Ang, Butou Wood, and Grasshopper Head are all longitudinal members (depth members) in the bucket.
2. What is warping? In a bucket (group), the rectangular wood perpendicular to the rafters and located under the rafters is called warping.
3. What is anger? Ang is a kind of rectangular wood, which is crossed with Solanum lyratum. The outer end is pointed and inclined downward, and the inner end is made into a warped shape, and some are made into a chrysanthemum head shape. If you get stuck in a bucket, you will get stuck in it. When there is no warping, Ang is the lowest longitudinal member.
4. How to count the upturned head: When counting the upturned head and the upturned head, you can't count the supporting head wood (the end of the supporting head wood can't be seen on the facade of the barrel) and the grasshopper head (the component above, parallel to it and shaped like a grasshopper head).
Bucket arch * * *, 1 has three different positions, on the stigma, 2 on the roof, and 3 on the corner stigma. These three species have their own names: stigma, oblate body and dogwood. There are four important parts in the structure of the bucket arch, which are slightly arched and parallel to the building surface. The form is the same as the arch, and the direction at right angles to the arch is called warping. The slanting end is particularly long, and the kind that hangs obliquely is called Ang. At the intersection of the archway and the upturned or raised archway, and between the upper and lower archways at both ends of the archway, there is a bucket-shaped square, which is called rising. Crossbars that intersect the arch at right angles are called upturns or facades. The length of arrogance depends on the distance of expenditure. The lower level spends the least, and the upper level spends more. Every time you spend a layer, you add an extra layer of arch on the inside and outside. This is called stepping. However, these are all Qing-style names, that is, the Song-style bucket arch on the picture.
Unique components in traditional wooden buildings in China. Used for columns, foreheads, eaves or frames. In the Song Dynasty, it was called paving, and in the engineering practice of the Ministry of Industry, it was called Douke, commonly known as Dougong. The bucket is a bucket-shaped wooden mat, and the chariot is an arched short wood. The truss is placed on the bucket, picked out outward, and then placed at the end of the truss, so that layers are staggered and superimposed to form a support with a big top and a small bottom. At first, the bucket was placed on the column or the outer end of the cantilever beam in isolation, which respectively played the role of transferring the load of the beam to the column and supporting the weight of the eaves to increase the depth of the eaves. In the Tang and Song Dynasties, it was integrated with beams and beams. Besides the above functions, it became a part of the structural layer to maintain the integrity of the wooden frame. After the Ming and Qing Dynasties, the structural function of the bucket arch degenerated and became the main decorative component between the column network and the roof truss.
Origin and Evolution At present, there are three theories about the origin of the bucket arch. One is formed by the intersection change of shaft structure; One view is that it is formed by changing the cantilever beam passing through the column; One view is that the cornice column evolved into a diagonal brace of a cantilever beam and then into a bucket.
Bucket arch has played an important role in the development of wooden buildings in China. Its evolution can be regarded as an important symbol of the evolution of traditional wooden frame buildings in China, and it is also an important basis for identifying the age of ancient wooden frame buildings in China. The evolution of bucket arch can be roughly divided into three stages. The first stage was from the Western Zhou Dynasty to the Southern and Northern Dynasties. The bronze reeds in the Western Zhou Dynasty already have the image of a big bucket, and the bronze plan unearthed from Sun Yat-sen Mausoleum in the Warring States Period has the image of a bucket and a 45-inch inclined coffin (Figure 1). In the Han dynasty, there were also a large number of fighting figures on stone tombs, funerary wares, stone reliefs and brick reliefs. It can be seen from Yi Que in Han Dynasty and Hamming Pintao Building unearthed in Mumashan, Sichuan and Gaotang, Shandong that there are bucket purlins, beams or floors at the top of the columns, and bucket purlins at the outer ends of the beams, which are not connected with each other. After the Han Dynasty, fights were used between columns. At first, it was a kind of bucket called human character in modern times, that is, a fork hand was erected on the forehead, and a bucket was placed on it to support the eaves purlin. By the early Tang Dynasty, it can be seen from the stone carving "illustration" on the lintel of Xi 'an Ci 'en Temple Tower that there is still a Chinese character between the pillars of the Buddhist temple (the "illustration" on the lintel of Ci 'en Temple Tower in Figure 2). The second stage is from Tang Dynasty to Yuan Dynasty. The main feature of the bucket in this period is that the beams supported by the stigma bucket are mostly inserted into the bucket, so that the bucket and the beam frame are tied together, and the cross bucket along the house body also overlaps with the dry stigma square (that is, square). A circle of stilts in the building and the beams on the front and side at right angles to it are interwoven into a horizontal frame divided into several grids, and stilts become the strengthening nodes of each intersection. At this time, the bucket is no longer an isolated supporting frame or cornice member, but an inseparable part of the horizontal frame. This kind of cross frame is now called "paving", which is used on the column network of the palace frame and plays a key role in maintaining the integrity of the wooden frame. The existing bucket arch of Beikeji Hall in Wutai Mountain in Tang Dynasty (Figure 3) is a typical example of this practice. The combination of stilts and beams of various palace structures contained in the Song Dynasty's Architectural Style is similar, although not as close as that in the Tang Dynasty (Figure 4 shows the stilts painted in the Song Dynasty's Architectural Style). The third stage is from Ming Dynasty to Qing Dynasty. Since the Ming Dynasty, large and small squares and beam squares have been used between the capitals, and the scale of the bucket square has been shrinking and the spacing has been increasing. The beams of Qing-style buildings are no longer inserted into Song Like-style buildings, but are pressed on the top of the bucket and directly support the eaves truss (Figure 5: Upper eaves bucket of Taihe Hall in Beijing Forbidden City). Therefore, after the development of bucket arch in Ming and Qing dynasties, it no longer played the role of maintaining the integrity of the framework and increasing the eaves. Its materials and scale are much smaller than those in the Song Dynasty, and the bucket between columns has increased from one to two groups in the Song Dynasty to six to eight groups.
In the three stages of development of form and structure, the first stage has not yet been finalized. The shape and structure of the second stage and the third stage can be illustrated by taking the buckets described in the Architectural Method of Song Dynasty and the Engineering Practice of Ministry of Industry as examples respectively.
In the Song-style "building method", each group of buckets is called a flower, the one on the column is called a stigma shop, the one on the corner column is called a corner shop, and the one on the forehead between two columns is called a gap shop (Figure 6 shows the Song-style gap shop as a bucket structure). There is a big bucket at the bottom of each flower, which contains the whole group of buckets, called buckets. Bucket is generally used above the center line of the column. Draw a horizontal line on the barrel and put the front and rear, left and right feet. The front and rear (inside and outside) feet are called Chinese feet, and the left and right feet are called mud feet. Li Guo can choose one to five floors, and each floor is called a jump; The outdoor scale jumps outside and the indoor scale jumps inside. In addition to the mud trough, the horizontal beam on the outermost jump head is called the horizontal beam, and the horizontal bar on each jump head (that is, Hua's head) is called melon seeds between the mud channel bar and the outer jump sequence bar in the column core, which is used to support the eaves of the outer eaves (that is, the house beams) and the ceilings of the inner eaves (flat or dark). You can directly support the square wood on the melon seeds and mud roads, or you can add a layer of crossbar, called slow wood. The square wood on melon seeds and slow wood is called arhat square. In the Song-style bucket, besides the flower style, there are oblique downward and upward. Xiaang is generally parallel to the roof, and the tail of Ang is pressed under the beam or purlin. Shang ang leaned out from the center of the barrel to the top of the barrel to accept the order. The function of Xiaang is to increase the picking length under the condition that the bucket height increases less; Shang 'ang's function is to increase the height of the bucket with less picking length, and the two functions are just the opposite. Each floor is supported and fixed by a bucket pad, and the bucket is located in the middle, both ends or intersection of the floor and the ceiling. The bucket on Huache's head is called interactive bucket, the middle of the horizontal bucket is called Qi Xin bucket, and the two ends are called scattered buckets. The bucket body is combined with tenon and mortise, the tenon of the skip bucket is opened in the lower compression area, and the tenon of the cross bucket is opened in the upper part. The bucket on the rafter is combined with the rafter with a wooden pin, and the diagonal is fixed by inserting the bolt into the lower rafter.
In the "architectural style" of the Song Dynasty, the scale and proportion of buildings were based on "points" (see materials). This basic modulus is related to the bucket. The so-called "one minute" refers to one fifteenth of the height of a "material".