Brief introduction of Zhang Hongfan's life
The son of a great general
Zhang Hongfan is the ninth son of Zhang Rou, a famous soldier in Yuan Dynasty. Zhang Rou (1 190? 1268), the word Degang, born in Hanoi, Dingxing, Hebei Province, was one of the famous warlord leaders in the Central Plains local armed forces in the early days of yuan dynasty history (that is, the Great Mongolia period). In the eighth year of Yuan Taizu (A.D. 12 13), the Mongolian army went south to the Central Plains, and then Jindu moved south, from Zhongdu (now Beijing) to Bianliang (now Kaifeng, Henan) to avoid the front of the Mongolian army. Zhang Rou, as a local strongman, gathered thousands of relatives of his neighbors to protect himself, and Di Chin appointed him as Dingxing Order. Later, he was promoted to stay in China and learn about Daxing.
In the 13th year of Yuan Taizu (A.D. 12 18), he fought with the Mongolian army at Langya Mountain (now Langya Mountain near Zijingguan in Yixian County, Hebei Province), was defeated and captured, and fell to Mongolia. At that time, the Mongols used the official name of the rulers to call the bureaucratic warlords who surrendered everywhere, and still let him hold his old post. During this period, Zhang Rou expanded its power and occupied more than 30 cities centered on Baozhou (now Baoding, Hebei). In the twentieth year of Yuan Taizu (A.D. 1225), the Mongols appointed him as the marshal who marched thousands of households and protected counties.
In the fourth year of Yuan Taizong (A.D. 1232), he was surrounded by Mongolian generals. Su Butai is a general who is famous for his bravery and good fighting skills. He is also known as Jeremiah, Zhe Bie and Hu Bilai. Four dogs? . (? Four dogs? It's a Mongolian compliment to the brave generals.
In the fifth year of Yuan Taizong (1233), Marshal Cui Lixian surrendered to Bianjing City, and Zhang Rou followed Taghachar to conquer Cai Zhou, where he died. This year, Zhang Rou entered the Jin Taizong Wokuotai Khan, was promoted to ten thousand households, was in charge of the military and civilians, and became one of the leaders of the Han army. During the Jin and Yuan Dynasties, in the Niuyuan area occupied by Mongolia, Mongolia not only sent the great scholar Huachi (Mongolian guardian transliteration) for political supervision, but also sent the Tanmachi army for military control, and also relied on the leaders of the Han landlords to maintain their rule to a great extent. These leaders were called at the time. Hou Shi? . They combine military, civil and financial forces to dominate one side. In the inheritance of power, father and son attack each other, and brothers eventually become brothers. In order to effectively consolidate the rule within their own sphere of influence and preserve the cultural traditions of the Central Plains, some people of insight have set up shogunates to recruit Han literati living in various places. Zhang Rou is the leader of this group of world leaders. He not only made great achievements in the Mongolian-Jin War, but also enjoyed equal fame with Shi and Zhang Yan. When he entered Bianjing, many generals were scrambling to grab their children's jade and gold and silver jewelry, but he knew how to go to the Jin State History Museum to rescue the precious document "The Record of the Stone" and the books and materials of the Royal Library. In this campaign, he also rescued Wang E, the champion of the last branch of the Jin Dynasty, from the execution ground where prisoners of war were slaughtered. Take him back to his base camp Baoding and leave him in his own shogunate. In addition to Wang E, his assistants include Lekui, Liu Wei, Liu Wei and others, all of whom are very handsome talents. Wang E lived in Zhang Rou shogunate for more than ten years.
Three years later, Manezhen (1244) was recruited to the official residence by Kublai Khan and later demoted to work in imperial academy. Ten years ago, all the big imperial edicts and ceremonies were written by them. Later, Xuan Jing was promoted to study in Zhongdu and wrote a book "Memoirs of the Spring and Autumn Period", which was the great-uncle of Jing Yan, the prime minister of Thailand. Among the scribes at that time, Hao Jing was a very knowledgeable person. He suggested that the person who governed China in the traditional way of China could be the emperor of China? This political theory created public opinion for the rapid China of Mongolian regime. He lived in the Zhang Rou shogunate for about twenty-five years, and later became the backbone of Kublai Khan's think tank that founded the Yuan Dynasty.
After the death of Mungo Khan, he proposed to Kublai Khan a "class division meeting", claiming to make peace with Yi Song first and return to the north by light-riding, in order to gain time and organize forces to compete with his younger brother Ali Bouguer for Khan's position. Kublai Khan adopted Hao Jing's suggestion, won the victory and established the Yuan Dynasty. Zhang Rou's assistant really played an important role in Kublai Khan's early politics.
Newborn calf
Yuan Taizong ten years (1238), Zhang Rou was forty-nine years old and was born in Zhang Hongfan. The year 2008 is the tenth year of Wokuotai Khan, and Jin has been dead for four years, so he can't be said to be a subject of Jin. He has eight brothers and two younger brothers. His starling is Zhang Honglve who later inherited the title of ten thousand households. Zhang Honglve, whose real name is Zhongjie, is famous for his general history and good riding and shooting. Zhang Jia was one of the famous bibliophiles in the early Yuan Dynasty. It is said that he collected more than 10,000 books. Hao Jing is a governess hired by Zhang Rou for his children for a long time, and Zhang Hongfan is of course one of Hao Jing's disciples. Influenced by his father, brother and mentor, Zhang Hongfan grew into an all-round young general.
Yuan Xianzong has been in Mongo for six years (1256), and Zhang Hongfan is 20 years old and has grown up. He is seven feet long and outstanding in appearance. At that time, it was a fashion for men to grow beards as adults. Zhang Hongfan, with a long beard and a brush across his chest, is handsome and handsome. He is not only an expert in riding and shooting, but also famous for being good at horse dancing (that is, the ancient weapon spear). He is eloquent, good at coping, and his poems are fluent and distinctive. His works are scattered everywhere, and there are no manuscripts. Later, someone collected his legacy and carved it into a collection of poems, that is, "Huaiyang Collection" was handed down from generation to generation. Deng Guangjian of Luling said in the preface:? Press the saddle vertically and horizontally, cross the wine horizontally, and be all-powerful. ? The vault of the earth, if ancient and modern. ? The poet's style is like a hero riding a horse, drinking with a spear and writing poems. High style can be all-powerful, and talent is proud. ? These works exist between heaven and earth and can be called one of the wonders of ancient and modern times. Of course, there are some admiration and preference in these comments, but they can always reflect his poetic tendency.
In short, when the Yuan Dynasty was established, he belonged to a new generation of emerging classes because of his birth and upbringing. On him, the vitality of Heshuo Shi Hao seems to be stronger than the aristocratic wan ku habit.
person in charge
Yuan Xianzong Mengge six years (1256), Zhang Honglve was the manager of Shuntian Road. He went to the imperial residence to report on his work and left Zhang Hongfan as an agent, which provided him with an excellent opportunity to show his administrative ability. He is determined to reform the atmosphere and strictly rectify discipline. At that time, the Mongolian army was poorly disciplined and harassed in every way. Zhang Hongfan thinks: Our country has a legal system, which is forbidden and illegal. Anyone who doesn't obey the regulations will be brought to justice. ? In this way, many Mongolian soldiers who violated military discipline were punished, and many others were beaten with sticks. Since then, the wind has cleared the disadvantages and refreshed. The Mongolian troops who came to Shuntianfu warned each other and never dared to mess around again.
In the first year of the unification of China (1260), Kublai Khan succeeded Khan and changed to unify China. At this time, Zhang Hongfan was 24 years old and was appointed as the director of the Royal Bureau.
In the third year after the reunification of China (1262), Shandong warlord Liu Yun defected. Kublai Khan ordered Zhang Ruan and Zhang Hongfan to visit Dadu (now Beijing) in person, and immediately appointed Zhang Hongfan as the general manager of the March. This position is equivalent to a column commander. Zhang Hongfan was only 26 years old. In the counter-insurgency March, he did not avoid difficulties and obstacles, made outstanding achievements repeatedly, and became a highly valued young general of Kublai Khan. He is strict with himself, honest and clean, and handles his daily work fairly and reasonably, with rewards and punishments. Be honest, not complaining. Sick soldiers must visit in person and receive treatment. If you die unfortunately, you must send the bones back to your hometown. If the superior has a reward, it must be distributed to the masses; Those who have won the meritorious military service but have not been rewarded must ask Chen Dai to say that they are not allowed to ask for it. These seemingly ordinary behaviors are heartfelt persistence, which has won the love and trust of many soldiers and gradually gained high prestige.
In the first year of Zhiyuan (1264), his brother Zhang Hong was transferred to Beijing as a night watchman. (Mongolian is called fear of learning, which is the imperial guard who guards the emperor in turn, and later developed into the core of the bureaucratic class in the Yuan Dynasty. ) In Zhang Rou, Kublai Khan specially selected Zhang Hongfan to take over Zhang Honglve's work, personally handed him the gold, and formally appointed him as the manager of Shuntian Road. Wearing the golden tiger charm was a special honor and a symbol of privilege at that time. He was twenty-eight years old this year, and he was a rising star among the young nobles in the imperial court. It happened that this year was also the year when his eldest son, Zhang Jue, was born. Zhang Jue is a famous person in the third generation of this family, and also a famous minister in the late Yuan Dynasty. The Zhang family in Shuntian is a family connected with the blood of the Yuan Dynasty, sharing the same breath and common destiny.
In the second year of Zhiyuan (1265), he was transferred from Shuntianfu to Daming. Before taking office, he put on casual clothes and looked around at the sufferings of the people. It was found that the officials who collected the rent illegally sent more, and the masses complained bitterly. So the first thing he did after taking office was to punish those who illegally closed the warehouse. Thanks to these measures, they quickly won the support of the masses. That year coincided with the flood, and he decided to waive all rents in the disaster area without asking. The financial management department thinks he committed a crime? Monopoly crime? Give him a punishment. To this end, he asked to go to Dadu to directly sue the emperor. After seeing Kublai Khan, Kublai Khan asked him: What do you have to complain about? He said:? I thought the country put grain in a small warehouse. Might as well exist in big warehouse. Because of the flood, ordinary people can't afford food. If we must take food from farmers, the government's small warehouses will certainly become rich, but the people will die. Next year, we won't get a grain! First, let the people live, and then there will be gains every year, and every family will have surplus food. Farmers have surplus grain, aren't they all national grain? This is what I call big warehouse! ? Kublai Khan nodded and praised him for knowing the truth of governing the country, so he stopped pursuing his monopoly crime.
Attack the southern song dynasty
In the sixth year of Yuan Dynasty (1269), the Song and Yuan Dynasties fought for Xiangyang. The troops besieged by the Yuan Army in Xiangyang are mostly the old army of Li Tan, which was adapted after the counter-insurgency, and is famous for its bravery, ruthlessness, arrogance and unruly. The yuan government is worried that it is difficult to find an existing capability. We also need a general with morale to command this team. It happened that someone mentioned Zhang Hongfan's name, and Kublai immediately thought that this was the person he wanted to choose! Immediately appointed him as Yidu, Zilai and other road marchers. The commander-in-chief of the Song Dynasty was Prime Minister Bo Yan. Zhang Hongfan suggested to Bo Yan that the route for providing grain in Xiangyang should be cut off first. Bo Yan adopted this suggestion and sent Zhang Hongfan to guard Wanshan route for providing foodstuff. In an encounter, he won an unexpected victory by winning more with less, and Bo Yan had a further understanding of Zhang Hongfan's talents.
In the eighth year of Zhiyuan (127 1), Bo Yan listened to his plan and decided to gradually narrow the encirclement of Xiangyang. So Zhang Hongfan built a strong barrier between Xiangyang and Fancheng? . ? Word city? Like a sword, the Xiangfan military defense zone, which was originally a whole, was cut into two parts. In this way, the encirclement further approached Fancheng. In the second year, when attacking Fancheng, Zhang Hongfan was shot in the elbow. He bandaged the wound and immediately went to the base camp to meet the commander-in-chief, proposing that a navy division cut off Fancheng's rescue. At the same time, in terms of attack strategy, it is suggested to attack Fancheng by land and water. As long as Fancheng is captured, Xiangyang will have no danger to defend. With the approval of the commander-in-chief, he immediately organized a new attack. He took the lead, swooped down in turn, and soon won Fancheng. Fan Tianshun, commander-in-chief of Fancheng in Song Dynasty, died in battle, and Niu Fu led hundreds of soldiers in street fighting. After his defeat, he went into battle. This is an extremely difficult battle. Fancheng broke through the encirclement, and Xiangyang Prefecture raised a white flag to surrender. From the fourth year of Zhiyuan (1267) to the ninth year of Zhiyuan (1272), the battle of Xiangfan lasted for six years and ended successfully. This is a crucial battle between Song and Yuan Dynasties. After the Yuan Army conquered Xiangyang, Daimon Masaru opened in the Southern Song Dynasty, and its collapse was a foregone conclusion.
Zhang Hongfan went to see Kublai Khan with the meritorious military service of Xiangfan Campaign, and was met by the general Lu? Give jinyi, platinum and treasure saddle? Such as the honor of reward. His men were also rewarded. After a short rest, in the 11th year of Yuan Dynasty (1274), Kublai Khan ordered Bo Yan to start a new offensive in the Southern Song Dynasty. Bo Yan suited up and attacked Huaixi and Huaidong together, pointing to Yangzhou; Led by him, he was appointed as a striker. The main force of this Yuan Army is Ali Haig, and Zhang Hongfan belongs to Ali Haig Corps. They descended from Xiangyang along the Han River, east to Yunxi (now Zhongxiang, Hubei), south to Wujibao and straight to Lin 'an (now Hangzhou).
In the 12th year of the Yuan Dynasty (1275), in order to save the decline, Jia Sidao, the prime minister of the Southern Song Dynasty, had to go out in person, stationed the governor in Wuhu, and sent Song Jing to the Yuan Army's base camp to make peace. I hope I will lose my money and become a vassal, just like the secret agreement in the first year of Ding Jing. This was rejected by Bo Yan. At this time, Jia Sidao had to order Sun Huchen, the commander-in-chief in front of the temple, to lead 70 thousand infantry to Ding Jiazhou in Chizhou (now Guichi, Anhui). Xia Gui, commander-in-chief of the Boat Division (Water Army), led 2,500 warships to cross the river, and has since been stationed in Lugang, southwest of Wuhu, Anhui. Bo Yan ordered Zhang Hongfan and his men to ride on the shore, take advantage of the land advantage, form a siege, and bombard Sun Huchen's army with battleship ju pao. Sun Jun was heartbroken and fled to Lugang. After Xia Guiwen's defeat, he also gave up his command and fled hastily. In this battle, the main forces of the land and water armies in the Southern Song Dynasty were completely annihilated, and Zhang Hongfan's ministers drove to Jiankang (now Nanjing).
After the army entered Jiankang, there was an episode: Prime Minister Bo Yan decided to rest in Jiankang. At the armed forces conference attended by the generals, the gold in stock was taken out and distributed to the generals. People here, Zhang Hongfan arrived late. Bo Yan's face fell and said with a sad expression. The customary law handed down from our ancestors stipulates that those who are late for military assembly are guilty! Although people who are close to nobles and brave and famous are not allowed to forgive, don't you dare to be late even if you don't understand this rule! ? Everyone present at the meeting broke out in a cold sweat for Zhang Hongfan's fault. Zhang Hongfan, however, did not panic and gaffe, and said calmly: I think a military assembly refers to an assembly on the battlefield. I have never been late for a war. Today's party is to accept awards. Dare not compare before the reward. Why not? Prime Minister Bo Yan was moved by his words, and his cold face became cheerful again, nodding his head. His words are sharp, he dispels doubts and doubts, and his language is wonderful. It is conceivable to give this example. Behind this short story, we can vaguely see that the essence of his dispute with Bo Yan is the confrontation between Mongolian customary law and Confucian ethics in the Central Plains. It is a routine work consciously or unconsciously for Zhang Hongfan and his son to influence Mongolian aristocrats with the cultural traditions in the Central Plains.
They all died of illness.
In October of the 12th year of Zhiyuan (1275), Zhang Hongfan moved troops back to Korea, and the court arranged many celebrations. Kublai Khan hosted a banquet in the inner hall to welcome the general who had returned from many battles, and comforted him when he triumphed, which was the climax of this series of celebrations. But joy begets sorrow, and the goddess of death is already waving to him. Because he didn't adapt to the climate, water and soil environment in the south, he got malaria again and fell ill soon after returning to Dadu. Kublai Khan was very concerned about the soldier who came back from the front and ordered the physician to take care of him. He also stipulated that Zhang Hongfan's illness should be reported on a special topic every day, and the valet should send an export letter to the doctor. I have military affairs, and I'm waiting to discuss it with Jiubadou. I must treat him wholeheartedly and let him recover soon. ? He also ordered the guards to sit at the gate of Zhang Hongfan and said to the visitors. Badou was very ill, and the emperor had an imperial decree to stop all unnecessary interference with patients except his closest relatives and medical staff. ? Despite using the most expensive medicine and arranging the highest level of care, it still failed to save Badou's life.
In the seventeenth year of Yuan Dynasty (1280), after the New Year, the illness became worse. He himself realized that he would not be well, and asked to go back to his original room from the ward and gather his relatives and guests to say goodbye one by one. Finally, he asked people to take out the sword and armor that Kublai Khan gave him when he went south, hold the hand of his son Zhang Jue and give it to him carefully. And said:? I used this sword and armor to contribute to the unity of the country. Wear a sword and armor. Don't forget dad! ? He wiped his sword and armor and fainted in the memories of those golden horses and eventful years. Of course, those memories are indispensable to the blood of Jiangnan children. The shadows of the waves and blood waves blurred his vision, and he finally closed his eyes. He is a soldier, but he is a soldier with some poet temperament. He wrote a poem "Shu Huai" when he traveled to the south, in which he said: Shi Ding grinds his sword and cracks it, drinking horses and drinking the Yangtze River. Our army is a million shirts red, full of blood of Jiangnan children! It reveals his hatred for the destruction of war and his inner contradictions, pains and guilt. He died on the 10th day of the first month in the 17th year of Zhiyuan (1280). The north wind is blowing hard outside the window, and the strong wind from the northern desert, with gravel and dust, blows everywhere, whistling and taking everything away! This is the north wind praised by his teacher Hao Jing! The general catalogue of Sikuquanshu evaluates the style of his poems, saying that it is similar to the Jianghu poetry school in the Southern Song Dynasty. In fact, some of his works are more like the style of his teacher Hao Jing, who is a curious disciple of the Yuan Dynasty.
Zhang Hongfan was extinct.
Zhang Hongfan is a famous general in yuan dynasty history. He led Yuan Jun to attack the Southern Song Dynasty, captured Wen Tianxiang alive, and destroyed Zhang Shijie, becoming a great hero of the Yuan Dynasty. The famous general died of overwork in bed and was killed by posthumous title? Tadao? His father, Zhang Rou, is also a general in a famous town. His father and his son, posthumous title, are the same. But after Zhang Hongfan's death, what happened to his descendants? Why is there a legend that Zhang Hongfan was extinct?
Is Zhang Hongfan successful and extinct? The answer is no, of course. Zhang Xuan, the son of Zhang Hongfan, inherited the great talents of his father and grandfather. Zhang Jiasan made great contributions to yuan dynasty history, and Zhang Xuan was conferred as the town general by Kublai Khan, the ancestor of the Yuan Dynasty. However, the fate of Zhang Hongfan's Zhang clan is not genocide, but also terrible. When the Yuan Mingzong brothers and Tianshun Emperor competed for the throne, the merchants and Dadu clashed. Zhang Jue's son, Zhang Jason Wu, stood in the camp of Shangdu and killed many soldiers.
But in the end, most of them defeated the merchants. When Wang Ye Saint led his troops through Baoding, he arrested and executed all of Zhang Jue's five sons, namely Zhang Hongfan's grandson, and took their property. The man was killed as soon as possible, and his wife was gang-raped by the Yuan Army and died. But Zhang Hongfan's team ended up with only a beautiful harem, which is a granddaughter of Zhang Hongfan. Wang Ye Saint coveted her beauty and took her as his concubine after rape. It is a pity that the three generations of generals of the Zhang family ended up like this.
Although the descendants of Zhang Hongfan did not come to a good end, it is wrong to say that Zhang Hongfan himself and his son Zhang Xuan were prominent in the Yuan Dynasty when they were alive.
Is Zhang Hongfan a traitor?
As a Han nationality, Zhang Hongfan was born in the Southern Song Dynasty, but in the end he worked for the minority Yuan Dynasty. It is acceptable for him to do things in the Yuan Dynasty, but he did destroy the leading figures in the Southern Song Dynasty. It is precisely because of this behavior that Zhang Fan was called a traitor in the Southern Song Dynasty. So how did Zhang Hongfan get the title of traitor?
Zhang Hongfan is associated with the title of traitor mainly because he is a Han nationality. He used to work in the Southern Song Dynasty, but eventually joined the Yuan Dynasty and helped him defeat the Southern Song Dynasty. From this perspective, the demise of the Southern Song Dynasty is closely related to Zhang Hongfan's attack on the Southern Song army. Because he left his own nation and defected to the regime of a minority in the Yuan Dynasty, Zhang Hongfan was called a traitor. As a Han nationality, Zhang Hongfan destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty on behalf of the Yuan Dynasty, which was the first time that the Han Dynasty was defeated by a foreign country.
After Zhang Hongfan destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty, he also carved a line on a huge stone, meaning that General Zhang Hongfan personally destroyed the Southern Song Dynasty. This behavior was a shameful thing at that time. Zhang Hongfan's high-profile behavior made the people in the Southern Song Dynasty more angry with him. As a Han nationality, he defected to the Yuan Dynasty, and the people in the Southern Song Dynasty were already very dissatisfied with him. In addition, people in the Southern Song Dynasty were even more disgusted with him because of the destruction of characters after the Southern Song Dynasty. The traitor image he left in the hearts of the people is more profound and can never be erased. Because there was still a big gap between the Han nationality and the ethnic minorities at that time, Zhang Hongfan worked for the Yuan Dynasty with great fanfare, which was of course intolerable to the people in the Southern Song Dynasty, so Zhang Hongfan was called a traitor in the Southern Song Dynasty.
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