Specific situation
The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is 43 meters high, with a base circumference of 1.700 meters. It is made of double rammed earth walls inside and outside, symbolizing the imperial city and Miyagi in the capital. The inner city is slightly square with a circumference of 3890 meters. There are two doors in the north, and one door is opened on all three sides. The outer city is rectangular, with a circumference of 6294 meters and a door on each side. Jia Ling lies to the south of the cemetery. The pit of Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang is the burial pit of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, which is located at l 500 meters east of the cemetery. This used to be a cemetery, and local farmers found something similar to people when they dug graves. 1in March, 974, when the villagers in Xiyang village in Lingdong were fighting drought, a large toilet pit of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum was found between Lisanxiahe village and Wula village on the east side of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum. After excavation by archaeologists, the treasure of Qin figurines buried more than 2000 years ago was discovered. The toilet burial pits of the Terracotta Warriors and Horses of Qin Shihuang sit west to east, and the three pits are arranged in a zigzag pattern. The first pit of Terracotta Warriors was rectangular, with a length of 230m from east to west, a width of 62m from north to south and a depth of 5m, with a total area of14260m2. There are sloping doorways on all sides, and there are two terracotta warriors and horses pits on the left and right, which are now called pits No.2 and No.3. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit of Qin Shihuang is the largest underground military museum in the world. Terracotta warriors and horses pits have reasonable layout and strange structure. At the bottom of the pit about 5 meters deep, an east-west bearing wall is set every 3 meters, and the terracotta warriors and horses are arranged in the holes between the walls. More than 500 samurai spears, 6 chariots and 24 horsemen, as well as bronze weapons and ironware used in actual combat, such as bronze swords, Wu Gou, spears, arrows, crossbows and bronze halberds, were unearthed in pit 1. At the eastern end of the cave, there are 2 10 terracotta warriors and horses with different facial expressions, clothing styles and hairstyles, which are lifelike. They are arranged in three rows, with 70 people in each row. Except for three leaders wearing pin armour, the rest are all dressed in short brown, with their legs tied, without helmets, holding bows and arrows and crossbows. Later, it was the main force composed of 6,000 armored figurines, each armed with spears, daggers, halberds and other long weapons of about 3 meters, separated from 35 chariots by 38 columns 1 1 east-west tunnels. There are a row of warrior figures on the north and south sides and at both ends, which look like guards to prevent the side tail from being attacked. This team is uniform, well-equipped, powerful and magnificent, which is the artistic representation of the mighty army of Qin Shihuang in previous dynasties and has a strong artistic appeal.
Edit this passage to introduce Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses.
Statue of senior officers
Senior military attache figurines, commonly known as general figurines, are very few in the pit of Qin figurines, and less than ten pieces have been unearthed. There are two kinds: general figurines in battle robes and general figurines in armor. Their common characteristics are wearing a crown, tall and burly, outstanding temperament and graceful demeanor. The samurai's clothes are simple, but the chest is decorated with flower knots, while the chest, back and shoulders of the armored warrior are decorated with eight colorful flower knots, which are colorful and elegant, setting off their rank, status and prestige in the military.
Knight statue
Cheshi, that is, the soldiers on the chariot except the charioteer (driver). Generally, there are two riders on the chariot, namely the left figurine and the right figurine. The figurines on the left side of the chariot are covered with long rafts, armour, shin guards, spears, spears, daggers, halberds and other long weapons in their left hand, and the right hand presses the chariot. The clothing of the right fighter is the same as that of the left fighter, but the posture is opposite. They are the main battle forces of chariots, but according to the literature, there are certain differences in weapon configuration and operational responsibilities. From the weapons found around the site of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit, it can be seen that the left and right sides of Qin Dynasty chariots were equipped with long weapons such as swords and spears and long weapons such as crossbows, indicating that the division of labor between the left and right sides of chariots was not very clear at that time. On the chariot, in addition to the spearmen and the figurines on the left and right sides of the chariot, there are also military attache figurines who command operations. Military attaché s are divided into high and low levels and have the responsibility of operational command.
Vertical shooting figurine
Vertical shooting figurines are a special unit in Qin figurines. Unearthed on the east side of No.2 pit, the weapon is crossbow. Together with the kneeling figures, they formed the crossbowman army. The vertical shooting figurines are located in the front of the battle line, dressed in light combat robes, tied in a bun, tied with a belt at the waist, with sharp toes and light and flexible costumes. This posture is as recorded in the Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu Yue, "The shooting method is that the left foot is vertical and the right foot is horizontal. If the left hand supports the branch and the right hand holds the child, this is also the way to hold the crossbow. " The posture of the vertical shooting figurines is consistent with the literature records, which shows that the shooting skills in the Qin Shihuang era have developed to a high level, and various movements have formed a set of standardized models, which have been inherited by future generations.
Kneeling statue
On the east side of No.2 pit, a kneeling figurine similar to the vertical shooting figurine was unearthed, and its weapon was crossbow, which together with the vertical shooting figurine formed the crossbowmen array. Vertical shooting figurines are located in the front of the array, and kneeling figurines are located in the center of the array. Archers and terracotta warriors are dressed in battle robes and armor, with their heads tied in a bun on the left side, their feet on square pointed shoes, their left legs squatting, their right knees touching the ground, their upper bodies turning slightly to the left, and their hands swinging up and down on the right side of their bodies with bows, showing the practice of individual soldiers holding bows. In the sculpture art of kneeling figures, one thing is very valuable, that is, their soles are carefully portrayed by craftsmen with dense stitches, which reflects the extremely rigorous realism spirit and makes the viewers of later generations feel a very rich life atmosphere from Qin terracotta warriors.
Fighter image
Warriors are ordinary soldiers. As the main body of the military array, the largest number of unearthed terracotta warriors are pits, which can be divided into two categories according to their different clothes, namely, warriors in battle robes and armored warriors. As the main battle force, it is distributed in the whole army array. Warrior warriors are mostly distributed in the front, flexible and mobile; The figure of armored soldiers is distributed in the array. Both types of soldiers are armed with actual combat weapons, with high temperament and movement in silence.
Statue of military officials
In terms of identity, military attaché s are lower than ordinary people and have middle and lower classes. From the appearance, there are several different forms of wearing double crown or single crown and armor. Military attache figurines and general figurines are different in dress and spirit. Military attache figurines are generally not as plump and majestic as general figurines, but they are relatively tall, broad-shouldered, tall and solemn as a whole. It also shows that they are diligent in thinking and brave and capable.
Cavalry statue
1 16 cavalry figurines unearthed in No.2 pit are mostly used for wartime surprise attacks. Because of the special arms, the clothing of cavalry is obviously different from that of infantry and chariots. They wear small round hats, jackets with tight sleeves and right lapels, tight cuffs, short boots, short and small armor, no shoulders and no armor on their hands. The clothes are short and light, with a horse in one hand and a bow in the other. From this special costume, we can clearly see that from the ancient cavalry tactics, the agility of knights is a basic requirement. The cavalry statue unearthed in No.2 Square is the earliest cavalry object found in the archaeological history of our country so far. Therefore, it provides very precious archaeological data for the study of cavalry costumes and equipment at that time.
Royal hand statue
The terracotta warriors are the drivers of chariots, and all three pits have been unearthed. They are dressed in long rafts, armor, arm armor and wrist, hand armor, leggings, necklaces around their necks, scarves and long crowns on their heads, and arms raised in front of them to pull the rope. Because of the great lethality of chariots in ancient wars, the role of imperial commanders in ancient wars, especially in chariot wars, is particularly important, and even directly related to the outcome of the war.
The current situation of editing this paragraph and its significance
Recent development
196 1 year, People's Republic of China (PRC) returned to the State Council, and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was designated as a national key cultural relics protection unit. From 65438 to 0987, the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang and the Terracotta Warriors Pit were approved by UNESCO to be included in the World Heritage List. In the arched exhibition hall built on the site of the No.1 pit of Terracotta Warriors, the "Museum of Terracotta Warriors and Horses in the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang" was set up, which is open to Chinese and foreign tourists.
The scale of the Qin Shihuang Mausoleum project is rare in history.
Shortly after Qin Shihuang (259 BC ~ 2 10 BC) succeeded to the throne, he began to build his own mausoleum in Sun Mountain. After the reunification of the six countries, 700,000 people were recruited from all over the country to participate in the construction of the mausoleum. It was used for nearly 40 years before and after, and by the time Qin died, the cemetery had not been completely built. According to historical records, the tomb is 50 meters high, and there are various palaces and rare treasures displayed in the tomb for four or five weeks. The scale of the project is rare in history.
Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit is known as the eighth wonder in the world.
1974 ~ 1977, the terracotta warriors and horses pit, one of the tombs buried with the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, was excavated at the location of 1000 meters east of the mausoleum. -The No.1 pit is in the south, with a length of 2l6 meters from east to west, a width of 62 meters and an area of l3260 square meters. The second pit is124m long from east to west, 98m wide and covers an area of 6,000m2. No.3 pit covers an area of 520 square meters. In the excavation part, 800 samurai servants, 18 wooden chariots and 100 pottery horses were unearthed. According to the existing arrangement of military forces and horses, there may be 7000 samurai servants in these three pits, 100 chariots and 100 horses. It can be imagined from the simulated military array that Qin Jun, which was invincible many years ago, swept the six countries and unified the whole country. Tao female is tall, about 1.8 meters, with different shapes, vivid expressions and lifelike facial shapes. It embodies the superb sculpture skill level of Qin Dynasty.
Initiate the system of ancient imperial tombs.
Before the Qin dynasty, there was no longer a sacrifice to the late king in the cemetery, and Qin Shihuang built a sleeping hall in the cemetery for the first time. There are two city walls in mausoleum of the first qin emperor, and the plane is zigzag. Lingshan is located in the south-central part of the inner city wall. There is a sleeping hall 50 meters northwest of the mausoleum. The base site we can see now is nearly square, covering an area of 3,500 square meters, and there are other architectural sites nearby. In the sleeping hall, there is a statue of Qin Shihuang, which is used for sacrifice and ancestor worship. This mausoleum system had a far-reaching influence on later generations, and was imitated by later emperors' tombs until the Ming and Qing Dynasties. This is also a development of ancient funeral culture in China.
Solve the mystery of the layout of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum
According to Xinhua News Agency, Xi 'an, 65438+February 22 (Reporter Guo Feng, Li Yong), "One of the greatest achievements of the archaeological exploration of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum in the past 40 years is that the layout of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum has been basically clear." This is the view of Yuan, honorary curator of the Qin Terracotta Warriors Museum and the first captain of the Qin Mausoleum Archaeological Team. Yuan believes that the entire cemetery of the First Qin Mausoleum is located from west to east, with the enclosure as the center, which is divided into four levels, namely, underground Miyagi (underground palace) as the core part, and others are inner city, outer city and outer city in turn, with clear priorities. "The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is like a beautifully designed and magnificent capital, covering an area of 56.25 square kilometers, with an urban area of about 2. 13 square kilometers. This' capital city' is high in the south and low in the north, with a gap of 87 meters between the north and the south. It is a rectangular cemetery, and the north and south are bigger than the east and west. The wall of the cemetery consists of two sides. The two sides of the wall are rectangular in the north-south direction, nested with each other, in the shape of a "Hui", long in the north and south, and narrow in the east and west. The total length of the city wall is about 12 km, which is similar to the length of the Ming Dynasty city wall in Xi 'an. "Underground Palace and Inner City He said that the core of the cemetery layout is the underground palace, and other walls, buildings, tombs and burial pits are all around it. The underground palace of Qin Mausoleum is located under the seal of half of the inner city, which is equivalent to the "Miyagi" before the death of Qin Shihuang. There is a huge mound above the underground palace, usually called the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, which occupies two-thirds of the southern part of the inner city. According to historical records, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor "takes mercury as the hundred rivers and seas, and irrigates them by machine. There is astronomy above and geography below. "Although there is no archaeological proof of this description, there is indeed a strong mercury anomaly area several times higher than normal above its underground palace. Because of this, archaeologists suspect that pomegranate produced in the closed soil of underground palace is harmful to health, but the regularity and complexity of cemetery architectural design are beyond doubt. There are many sacrificial and burial buildings in the vast area between Miyagi and the inner city. As a key construction area, there are the most above-ground and underground facilities here, especially in the inner half and southern half of the city. In addition to the underground palace, there are many burial pits in the southern half, such as sleeping halls, sacrificial ceremonies for horses and chariots, and storage. The western part of the northern half is the auxiliary building area of the temporary hall, and the eastern part is the burial area of the harem staff. Outer city and outer city The outer city is a part of the outer city between the inner wall and the outer wall. The ground and underground facilities are most dense in the west of the outer city (the area between the inner wall and the outer wall), and the construction base occupies about two-thirds of the space in the west. Its connotation is to symbolize the stables, courtyards and official residences of the capital gardens and temples, and to serve the emperor's activities such as playing and cruising. From south to north, it is distributed in turn: large-scale curved-foot stable pits, 365 and 438+0 rare birds and animals pits, and three groups of quadrangle-style gardens and temples. There is a large-scale "Shijia burial pit" in the south of Dongwai City. During the trial excavation, a large number of stone armor and a small number of chariots and horses were unearthed, and the lifelike "Hundred Figurines" pit was not far from its south side. The outermost part is the area outside the outer wall, where there are many institutions, places and pits for building, burying and managing the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang, which belong to the boundary of the mausoleum of Qin Shihuang. Yuan said: "In the eastern part of the periphery of the Qin Mausoleum, in addition to the well-known pits of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses, there are 98 pony stables, many burial tombs, three tombs for tomb repairers and brick kiln sites. In the north, storage pits for animal limbs and turtles, official offices of cemetery managers and easy-to-stand architectural sites have also been found. In the south of the cemetery, there is still a flood dike with a width of about 40 meters at the junction with Lishan Mountain to stop the flood of Lishan Mountain. The regularity and scientificity of Qin Mausoleum planning are obvious. "According to Xinhua News Agency, An 65438+February 22nd (Reporter Li Yong, Guo Feng), the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor not only established a mausoleum, but also built a sleeping hall and a toilet hall, which also pioneered the large-scale construction of burial pits. Wu Yongqi, director of the Qin Terracotta Warriors Museum and a famous cultural relic protection expert, said in an interview that there are two main aspects to protect the Terracotta Warriors, one is the protection of pits, and the other is the protection of painted Terracotta Warriors. "Now it can be said that there is no problem in the pit, and the eight painted terracotta warriors and horses are also very stable, and the protection of the terracotta warriors and horses is basically solved!" Wu Yongqi said: "The mottled terracotta warriors and horses in pit No.1 of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses have brought a century-old problem of cultural relics protection." In view of the fact that most of the painted Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses have lost their true colors, leaving only partial color remnants, which are very sensitive to environmental behavior and easy to tilt and peel off after being unearthed, Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum has been paying equal attention to the protection of painted Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses since the 1990s, and actively cooperated with Chinese and foreign scientific research institutions and their cultural relics protection experts to seek new technologies and new ideas for the protection of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses. After many years of experiments, the cultural protection personnel have made breakthrough progress in wrinkle resistance and reinforcement by using modern technology, and found effective painting protection methods: one is the combined treatment of PEG200 and polyurethane emulsion, and the other is the protection method of monomer material infiltration and electron beam curing. Based on years of stable protection of the kneeling figurines in the No.2 pit, this technology has been applied to hundreds of figurines with good results. After on-the-spot investigation and comprehensive appraisal, the National Cultural Heritage Administration expert appraisal group thinks that this technology has reached the international leading level. agree
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Today 15: 16 Ken_Wu_Jay | Level 4
Royal cemetery
The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the first royal cemetery in the history of China. Its huge scale and rich funerary objects rank first in the tombs of emperors in past dynasties. According to the principle of enjoying wealth after Qin Shihuang's death, the cemetery was built in a zigzag shape, modeled after the layout of Xianyang, the capital of Qin State. Around the mausoleum, there are double walls inside and outside, with an inner circumference of 3870 meters and an outer circumference of 62 10 meters. At present, the large-scale ground buildings in the mausoleum area are sleeping halls, mourning halls, garden temples and other sites. According to historical records, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is divided into two parts: the cemetery area and the burial area. The cemetery covers an area of nearly 8 square kilometers, with a dual structure of outer city and inner city, and a quadrangular conical paddock. The enclosure of the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor formed three steps, with a square bottom, a bottom area of about 250,000 square meters and a height of115m. However, due to more than 2,000 years of wind and rain erosion and man-made destruction, the current paddock has a bottom area of about 120 square meters and a height of 87 meters (another information: the initial height of the cemetery is 120), and the total area of the whole cemetery is 56.25 square kilometers. Building materials are shipped from Hubei, Sichuan and other places. In order to prevent the river from washing away the mausoleum, Qin Shihuang also ordered the north-south flow to be changed to the east-west flow.
There is a mound in the south of the cemetery, which is 43 meters high. There are two rammed earth walls inside and outside. The circumference of the inner city is 3890 meters, and the circumference of the outer city is 6249 meters, symbolizing the imperial city and Miyagi respectively. Between the inner city and the outer city, archaeologists have discovered horse burial pits, clay figurine pits, rare birds and animals pits, as well as sacrificial pits, stable pits, torture pits and tombs of grave repairers outside the mausoleum. More than 400 graves have been found.
The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is 55.05 meters high and 2000 meters in circumference. According to the survey, the whole cemetery covers an area of 220,000 square meters, with large-scale palaces and pavilions. The shape of the mausoleum is divided into two cities, inner and outer. The inner city is square, with a circumference of 2525.4 meters and an outer city of 6264 meters. The scale of Qin Shihuang's mausoleum is far from comparable to that of the Egyptian pyramids.
Construction of the Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang The Mausoleum of Qin Shihuang is the first royal cemetery in China. Among the nearly 100 imperial tombs in China, it is famous for its large scale and rich tombs. 1956, Shaanxi provincial people's government announced it as a provincial key cultural relics protection unit; 196 1 was announced as the first batch of key cultural relics protection units by the State Council, People's Republic of China (PRC) in; 1987, UNESCO listed the Mausoleum of the First Qin Shihuang in the world cultural heritage protection list, making it the common wealth of all mankind. In 2002, the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor was rated as a national AAAA-level tourist attraction.
The largest catacombs in the world.
The pyramids in ancient Egypt are the largest above-ground tombs in the world, and the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor in China is the largest underground tomb in the world.
The Qin Dynasty is a glorious page in the history of China, and the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor concentrated the highest achievements of Qin civilization. Qin Shihuang took all the glory of his life underground. The underground palace of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum is the core part of the mausoleum building, which is located under the mound. "Historical Records" records: "Through three springs, down to Qin Shihuang, Gong Zhongqi. Take mercury as a hundred rivers and seas, and instill it by machine. There is astronomy in the world, geography in the world, and mermaid cream is a candle, which lasts forever. " Archaeological findings show that the underground palace covers an area of about 6.5438+0.8 million square meters, and the depth of the center point is about 30 meters. The cemetery is centered on mounds and surrounded by many funerals with rich connotations and unprecedented scale. In addition to the well-known terracotta warriors and bronze chariots and horses tombs, more than 600 large-scale Shijiakeng, Baixi figurine pits, civilian figurine pits and tombs have been discovered, and 654.38+10,000 pieces of cultural relics have been unearthed in the archaeological work of the Qin tombs for decades. There are many cultural relics booths in the cemetery, showing some cultural relics unearthed from the Qin Mausoleum in the past 20 years. There is a waterway exhibition area to reproduce the scientific and thorough drainage facilities of the cemetery in that year; I believe that with the progress of archaeological work, there will be more unexpected discoveries.
Between the dignified green and the tall mausoleum, in order to let tourists feel the dignity and dignity of the king, the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor staged a large-scale performance of "the reappearance of the guard of honor guard-changing the guard of the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor" and a sand table model of the mausoleum, cemetery and underground palace integrating sound, light and electricity, which reproduced the spectacular scene of the mysterious cemetery more than 2,000 years ago and showed decades of archaeological achievements.
Large scale and rich burial.
The Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is the first royal cemetery in the history of China. It is the crystallization of the hard work and wisdom of the working people in our country and a treasure house of history and culture. Among all the tombs of ancient emperors, it is famous for its large scale and rich burial.
According to Records of the Historical Records of the First Qin Emperor, the mausoleum has been dug to the underground spring, and the base is reinforced with copper, with a coffin on it ... The grave is full of treasures. The avenue in the tomb is equipped with a crossbow with a favorable arrow, and the grave robbers will be shot dead as soon as they approach. The tomb is also full of mercury, symbolizing rivers, lakes and seas; The top of the tomb is inlaid with a night pearl, symbolizing the sun, the moon and the stars; In the grave, fish oil is used to light the lamp, so that it will stay on forever. ...
A total of 10 gates were found in the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor. The north and south gates and the south gate of the inner wall are on the same central axis. The north of the mound is the central part of the cemetery, and there are tombs leading to the tombs on the east, west and north sides. There are also four architectural relics juxtaposed on the east and west sides, which some experts think are part of the sleeping hall building. The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor embodies the ritual system of "death is like life", which is grand in scale, magnificent in momentum and unique in structure.
The center of the underground palace of the mausoleum is the place where Qin Shihuang's coffin is placed. There are more than 400 burial pits and graves around the mausoleum, covering an area of 56.25 square kilometers. The main tombs are bronze chariot pits, horse pits, rare birds and animals pits, stable pits and terracotta warriors and horses pits. Over the years, more than 50,000 important historical relics have been unearthed. A group of painted bronze chariots and horses unearthed in 1980 are the largest, most gorgeous, most lifelike and complete ancient bronze chariots and horses found in China so far, and are known as "the crown of bronze".
Terracotta warriors and horses pit
Qin Shihuang Mausoleum [1] Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit is the burial pit of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum, located at 1500m east of the cemetery. The spring of 1974 was discovered by local farmers who dug wells. The treasure buried underground for more than 2000 years came out, which is known as "the eighth wonder of the world". It has provided very precious physical materials for the study of the military, politics, economy, culture and science and technology of the Qin Dynasty, and has become a precious wealth of human culture in the world. Three terracotta warriors and horses pits have been excavated, which are arranged in a "needle" shape from west to east. There are more than 8,000 terracotta warriors and horses and more than 40,000 bronze weapons in the pit.
The pottery works in the pit are imitations of Qin Suwei's army. Nearly 10,000 ceramic guards used bows, arrows, crossbows, bronze bows, spears, halberds, or crossbows as precursors, or rode horses, forming four arms: step, crossbow, vehicle and riding. All the guards in the underground tunnel face east. According to the drilling, there are three burial pits, among which the No.1 pit found at 1974 is the largest. It is 230 meters long from east to west, 62 meters wide from north to south and about 5 meters deep. The promenade and the 1 1 hole form the whole pit, in which more than 6,000 warrior figures and terracotta horses with the same size as real horses are placed. About 20 meters northeast of No.1 pit, No.2 pit was discovered in the spring of 1976, which is another spectacular formation. No.2 pit is 84 meters wide from north to south and 96 meters long from east to west, covering an area of 92 16 square meters and a building area of 170 16 square meters. The second pit has a multi-arms joint lineup, including infantry, chariots, cavalry and crossbowmen. To the west of No.2 pit is No.3 pit, and visitors are not allowed to visit it before 1 9891kloc-0/October1. The third pit is 24.5 meters wide from north to south and 28.8 meters long from east to west, covering an area of more than 500 square meters. According to experts' inference, the No.3 pit is considered as a military curtain to command the No.1 pit and No.2 pit. A chariot, 68 guardians and weapons are kept in the pit.
Since 1974, three pits for burying Terracotta Warriors and Horses have been found at 1.5km east of the cemetery. The finished products are arranged in a zigzag pattern, covering an area of more than 20,000 square meters, with 8,000 unearthed pottery figurines, 0/00 chariots and tens of thousands of physical weapons. Among them, the No.1 pit is the "Right Army", where about 6,000 life-size clay figurines and horses are buried. Pit No.2 is "Zuo Jun", with 1300 terracotta figures and horses and 89 chariots. It is an arc array composed of infantry, cavalry and chariots, and it is also the essence of the pit of Qin figurines. There are 68 warrior figures, 1 chariot and 4 pottery horses in pit 3, which is the headquarters of the underground army. This military formation is the epitome of Qin Jun formation. 1980, large bronze chariots and horses were unearthed on the west side of the cemetery. It has aroused shock and concern all over the world. These terracotta warriors and horses grouped according to the military array at that time provided vivid physical data for studying the military establishment, combat methods and cavalry equipment of the Qin Dynasty. The discovery of terracotta warriors and horses is known as "the eighth wonder of the world" and "one of the great discoveries in the archaeological history of the 20th century". As a bridge connecting the past and the future in the history of China sculpture, the realistic techniques of Qin figurines have attracted worldwide attention. At present, the Terracotta Warriors and Horses Museum of Qin Shihuang Mausoleum has been set up in pits 1, 2 and 3, and is open to the public.
The eighth wonder of the world
The mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor is one of the largest, strangest and richest imperial tombs in the world. The Terracotta Warriors and Horses in Qin Shihuang's Mausoleum are the precious wealth of human culture in the world comparable to Egyptian pyramids and ancient Greek sculptures, and its discovery itself is the most spectacular archaeological achievement in China in the 20th century. They fully demonstrated the artistic talent of China people more than 2,000 years ago and are the pride and precious wealth of the Chinese nation. Former French President Jacques Chirac praised it as "the eighth wonder of the world", which made the Mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor known to more people. The laurel of world cultural heritage adds luster to the mausoleum of the First Qin Emperor. Cemetery project
"The king of Qin swept Liuhe and looked at He Xiongzai. The criminal was 700,000, starting from the ground."
This famous poem was written by Li Bai, a great poet, praising the brilliant achievements of Qin Shihuang and describing the great momentum of the construction of Lishan Mausoleum. Indeed, the scale, the number of workers and the duration of the cemetery project are unprecedented.
The construction of the cemetery project was accompanied by Qin Shihuang's political career. When he 13 just ascended the throne, the cemetery construction project began. The ancient emperor built a tomb before his death, which was not the initiative of Qin Shihuang. As early as the Warring States period, it was customary for princes to build tombs before their death. For example, Zhao Suhou's "Mausoleum Guarding for Fifteen Years" and pingshan county Zhongshan Mausoleum were also built during his lifetime. Qin Shihuang only advanced the time when the monarch built the mausoleum before his death to the early stage of his accession to the throne, which was a little improvement on Qin Shihuang. The cemetery project was built for 39 years until the death of Qin Shihuang. Hu Hai, the second emperor, succeeded to the throne, and it took more than a year to complete the construction.
Statue of senior officers
Senior military attache figurines, commonly known as general figurines, are very few in the pit of Qin figurines, and less than ten pieces have been unearthed. There are two kinds: general figurines in battle robes and general figurines in armor. Their common characteristics are wearing a crown, tall and burly, outstanding temperament and graceful demeanor. The samurai's clothes are simple, but the chest is decorated with flower knots, while the chest, back and shoulders of the armored warrior are decorated with eight colorful flower knots, which are colorful and elegant, setting off their rank, status and prestige in the military.
Knight statue
Cheshi, that is, the soldiers on the chariot except the charioteer (driver). Generally, there are two riders on a chariot, namely the left figurine and the right figurine. The figurines on the left side of the chariot are covered with long rafts, armour, shin guards, spears, spears, daggers, halberds and other long weapons in their left hand, and the right hand presses the chariot. The clothing of the right fighter is the same as that of the left fighter, but the posture is opposite. They are the main battle forces of chariots, but according to the literature, there are certain differences in weapon configuration and operational responsibilities. From the weapons found around the site of Qin Terracotta Warriors and Horses Pit, it can be seen that the left and right sides of Qin Dynasty chariots were equipped with long weapons such as swords and spears and long weapons such as crossbows, indicating that the division of labor between the left and right sides of chariots was not very clear at that time. On the chariot, in addition to the spearmen and the figurines on the left and right sides of the chariot, there are also military attache figurines who command operations. Military attaché s are divided into high and low levels and have the responsibility of operational command.
Vertical shooting figurine
Vertical shooting figurines are a special unit in Qin figurines. Unearthed on the east side of No.2 pit, the weapon is crossbow. Together with the kneeling figures, they formed the crossbowman army. The vertical shooting figurines are located in the front of the battle line, dressed in light combat robes, tied in a bun, tied with a belt at the waist, with sharp toes and light and flexible costumes. This posture is as recorded in the Spring and Autumn Annals of Wu Yue, "The shooting method is that the left foot is vertical and the right foot is horizontal. If the left hand supports the branch and the right hand holds the child, this is also the way to hold the crossbow. " The posture of the vertical shooting figurines is consistent with the literature records, which shows that the shooting skills in the Qin Shihuang era have developed to a high level, and various movements have formed a set of standardized models, which have been inherited by future generations.
Kneeling statue
On the east side of No.2 pit, a kneeling figurine similar to the vertical shooting figurine was unearthed, and its weapon was crossbow, which together with the vertical shooting figurine formed the crossbowmen array. Vertical shooting figurines are located in the front of the array, and kneeling figurines are located in the center of the array. Archers and terracotta warriors are dressed in battle robes and armor, with their heads tied in a bun on the left side, their feet on square pointed shoes, their left legs squatting, their right knees touching the ground, their upper bodies turning slightly to the left, and their hands swinging up and down on the right side of their bodies with bows, showing the practice of individual soldiers holding bows. In the sculpture art of kneeling figures, one thing is very valuable, that is, their soles are carefully portrayed by craftsmen with dense stitches, which reflects the extremely rigorous realism spirit and makes the viewers of later generations feel a very rich life atmosphere from Qin terracotta warriors.
Fighter image
Warriors are ordinary soldiers. As the main body of the military array, the largest number of unearthed terracotta warriors are pits, which can be divided into two categories according to their different clothes, namely, warriors in battle robes and armored warriors. As the main battle force, it is distributed in the whole army array. Warrior warriors are mostly distributed in the front, flexible and mobile; The figure of armored soldiers is distributed in the array. Both types of soldiers are armed with actual combat weapons, with high temperament and movement in silence.
Statue of military officials
In terms of identity, military attaché s are lower than ordinary people and have middle and lower classes. From the appearance, there are several different forms of wearing double crown or single crown and armor. Military attache figurines and general figurines are different in dress and spirit. Military attache figurines are generally not as plump and majestic as general figurines, but they are relatively tall, broad-shouldered, tall and solemn as a whole. It also shows that they are diligent in thinking and brave and capable.
Cavalry statue
1 16 cavalry figurines unearthed in No.2 pit are mostly used for wartime surprise attacks. Because of the special arms, the clothing of cavalry is obviously different from that of infantry and chariots. They wear small round hats, jackets with tight sleeves and right lapels, tight cuffs, short boots, short and small armor, no shoulders and no armor on their hands. The clothes are short and light, with a horse in one hand and a bow in the other. From this special costume, we can clearly see that from the ancient cavalry tactics, the agility of knights is a basic requirement. The cavalry statue unearthed in No.2 Square is the earliest cavalry object found in the archaeological history of our country so far. Therefore, it provides very precious archaeological data for the study of cavalry costumes and equipment at that time.
Royal hand statue
The terracotta warriors are the drivers of chariots, and all three pits have been unearthed. They are dressed in long rafts, armor, arm armor and wrist, hand armor, leggings, necklaces around their necks, scarves and long crowns on their heads, and arms raised in front of them to pull the rope. Because of the great lethality of chariots in ancient wars, the role of imperial commanders in ancient wars, especially in chariot wars, is particularly important, and even directly related to the outcome of the war.
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