(Institute of Natural Science History, Chinese Academy of Sciences)

At the end of the Qing Dynasty, with the appearance of modern industry and the increasing demand for mineral resources, the government began to pay attention to the cultivation of talents in geology, mining and metallurgy. After the Westernization Movement, some railway and mining schools were established in China to train technical personnel in mining and metallurgy. In addition, the Qing government also sent overseas students to study advanced western science and technology, and a few of them studied mining and metallurgy or geology. However, both the new schools and the overseas students at that time mainly studied western languages and technical knowledge such as military and shipbuilding, and did not really introduce the western geological education model. Geology 1909 was established in Peking University, but only two students were trained, and it closed at 19 13. [1] Therefore, before the establishment of the Institute of Geology, China did not form a modern geological teaching system, nor did it train qualified geological and mineral investigation and research talents locally. Zhang Zeng said: "Before the Qing Dynasty, there was no record of geological education." [2] It is in this urgent need of talents and lack of talents that the Institute of Geology was born. The College of Geology has initially established the model of geological education in China, and trained the first batch of geological professionals in China. This paper will make a preliminary discussion on the formation of the tradition of field investigation in geological education.

I. Origin of the establishment of educational institutions

19 12 1, the provisional government of the Republic of China was established in Nanjing. The interim government established a geological department under the Mining Department of the Ministry of Industry. Zhang, the first section chief of the Geology Department, wrote an article suggesting that a "mining university" should be established in the Ministry of Industry, and at the same time, a geology discipline should be established in the University of Science to train specialized personnel. However, due to "the indecision of the authorities and the rise of dissent" [3], Zhang was soon transferred to the technical post of the Ministry of Agriculture and Forestry under an excuse. His plan failed to come true during his term of office.

1965438+In February, 2003, Ding Wenjiang officially became the chief of the Geology Department. After taking office, Ding Wenjiang plans to write a description of the pilot geological survey of the Ministry of Industry and Commerce. Ding Wenjiang believes that "geological survey is difficult, but it is difficult to start with funds and talents. However, during the pilot period, it is not difficult to raise funds, but it is not difficult to train people with experience and skills before. " [4] Although Peking University once offered geology courses, the academic system lasted for six years, which was slow and urgent. Moreover, students are too weak and have no field experience, so it is difficult to carry out geological survey. Therefore, Ding Wenjiang proposed to set up a geological research institute and a geological survey team to train talents. "Its members are faculty members of the Institute. In one year, they were engaged in professors for half a year on average and engaged in investigations for half a year. " [4]

It is not difficult to see that the importance of field investigation was emphasized at the beginning of the establishment of the Institute of Geology, which is consistent with the purpose of training geological investigators by the Institute of Geology [5].

1965438+In September 2003, the Ministry of Industry and Commerce issued a letter of appointment, appointing Ding Wenjiang as the director of the Geological Survey. These two research institutes were formally established. [6] Zhang Yu 19 14 officially succeeded Ding Wenjiang as the director of the Institute of Geology due to Ding Wenjiang's repeated orders to participate in field investigations. [5]

The establishment of geological research institute is the objective requirement of social development and the inevitable trend of rejuvenating the cause, saving the country scientifically and developing industry and mining.

1. Brief introduction of teachers and students of Geological College

The entrance examination for Geology College was held in Beijing and Shanghai in July, 19 13. A total of 36 people were admitted, of which 27 were admitted and 9 were retained.

Yao Naixuan, Ye, Wu, Pan Hengfen, Chen, Zhou Zanheng, Geng Tiaoyuan, Le, Liu, Xie, Li Xueqing, Xu Yuanmo, Xu Weiman, Gao Zili, Tang Zaiqin, Zhao Zhixin, Wang Zhuquan, Zhao Rujun and Ma Bingduo.

Qi Xizhi, Zhang Hui, Zhang Yuchang, Tong Dunpu, Chen, Xing Jinyuan, Ma Qixian and Kang (the above nine candidates) [7]

19 13 10 In June, the first batch of students from the College of Geology entered school for three years. However, none of the above admissions was attended by the College of Geology. According to the list of students surveyed by the Geological Research Institute of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, the first batch of geological research institutes actually had 22 students, namely: Ye, Wang Zhuquan, Xie, Liu, Zhou Zanheng, Xu Yuanmo, Xu Weiman, Tan Xichou, Zhu Tinghu, Li Xueqing, Lv Zuyin, Ma Bingduo, Li Jie, Tong Buying and Liu. Among them, Zhu Tinghu, Lv Zuyin and Yang Peilun did not appear on the admission list. According to Zhu Tinghu's memory, he signed up at first, but failed to take the exam due to illness, and then went to Beijing to make up the exam before he was admitted [8].

In addition to the founders Zhang and Ding Wenjiang, the faculty of the Institute of Geology also hired Weng, who returned home with a doctorate from Leuven University. Weng is the only full-time teacher in the College of Geology, teaching geology, minerals, rocks, mineral deposits and other courses, and was named "the most active teacher" by Zhang [9].

In addition to the above three teachers, the College of Geology also hired 25 part-time teachers (table 1). Many teachers have an educational background in geology and related subjects. For example, Zhang Yiou studied mining in Belgium and Wang Lie studied geology in Germany. It is speculated that most of these teachers are members of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce, as well as professors and teachers from universities such as Peking University [9 10].

Table 1 Teachers and courses taught by Geology College [5]

sequential

19 16 July, 2 1 person graduated from the Institute of Geology, 18 person got the graduation certificate, and 3 people got the study certificate. Since then, the Institute of Geology has been closed. Most of these graduates entered the geological survey, and the work of this institute officially began. [5]

2. Geological College Curriculum

Although the Institute of Geology is called the Institute, it is not difficult to see that its founding purpose is essentially a specialized geological institute. As can be seen from the courses offered by the College of Geology (Table 2), the courses offered are all basic courses of geology and related professional courses.

Table 2 Subject Curriculum of Geological College [4]

According to the "Overview of the College of Geology of the Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce", in the next semester of the second academic year of 19 15, Zhang made great changes to the curriculum of the College of Geology. Not only did the division of mineralogy and paleontology be cancelled, but also advanced petrology and paleontology were cancelled in the teaching content, and applied disciplines such as mining and metallurgy were added. Zhang's explanation for this reform is: "There are many ideas about geological survey, which have two major purposes, namely, making a national geological map to determine the basis of various undertakings, and investigating the development of minerals in the country to obtain natural benefits ... Geological research institute is an organ for cultivating people, which is to prepare for China people to inspect the geology and minerals in China ... In view of the current urgent situation in China, it seems appropriate to supplement the theory with practicality. [5] In addition to the above reasons, Zhang also pointed out that after five semesters of study, "most basic disciplines have finished or will soon end in the second place", while mineralogy and paleontology "are more advanced, the farther away from the practical path, the more expensive the equipment, the fewer students and the limited number of points". [5]

It is not difficult to see from the above table that the revised course pays more attention to field geological practice. Since the second school year, geological tours have been offered every semester. The first compilation of academic achievements of the Institute of Geology —— Notes on Junior Students' Learning in the Institute of Geology was completed on the basis of these geological investigations. At the same time, it can be found from Table 2 that German courses have been offered in each semester of the three academic years, which is enough to show that the Institute of Geology attaches importance to foreign languages. Because the improvement of foreign language level is directly conducive to students' reading the existing research results in the west, and also conducive to the international exchange and publication of scientific research results in China. Richthofen, a German geologist, has made the most remarkable achievements among foreign scholars who have made geological surveys in China.

The tradition of attaching importance to field practice is reflected in the curriculum of Geology Department of Peking University, which later resumed enrollment (Table 3). Judging from the course name, the Department of Geology of Peking University has internship requirements in many geological professional courses, such as mineralogy, plane survey, geological history, petrology, geopolitics, structural geology and so on. After the resumption of school, the Department of Geology of Peking University has also become the main institution for cultivating geological talents in China. And its teaching mode inherited from the College of Geology undoubtedly played a positive role in promoting this.

Table 3 Curriculum of Geology Department of Peking University (1925) [1 1]

Second, the route and area of field investigation

The field practice of teachers and students in the College of Geology began at 19 14. That summer, Zhang He and Yu Xijin led all the students to the Xishan area of Beijing for field geological practice. The specific scope is: Moshikou in the south, Mentougou in the west and Yuquan Mountain to Wenquan Village in the northeast. This is the first field geological practice organized by the Institute of Geology, which lasted for 7 days.

19 15 in the summer, all the students of geological survey made a geological trip for their graduation report. This is also the beginning of students' independent research in the College of Geology. The geological tour covers not only the areas of Gyeonggi and Zhili, but also Cixian, Lincheng and Jizhou, which are a little farther away. East to Zhang Xia, Shandong; South to the lower reaches of Qiantang River in Zhejiang Province (Table 4).

Table 4 Statistics of Field Practice of Teachers and Students in Geological College ①

sequential

Note: The practice marked with * in the table is surveying practice, and the others are geological practice.

(1) This table is compiled according to "Overview of Field Practice of Teachers and Students in Geology College" in "Notes for Junior Students Studying in Geology College" (pages 16 ~ 18) and "Before and after table of student practice places" in "Overview of Geology College of Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce" (pages 45 ~ 48).

Ding Wenjiang believes that "in order to enable students to work independently, they must be given many opportunities to work in groups and independently. The professor's responsibility is to point out the problems that should be solved and check the methods used by students and the results obtained. " [12] According to the regulations of the Institute of Geology, the teachers and students who participated in the internship should make an internship report after each internship. At the end of the semester, all the field practice reports will be approved, and only after passing can you take the final exam. [13] During the three years that the Institute of Geology existed, there were 1 1 field internships, ranging from a few days to more than a month for the elderly. The footprints of teachers and students involve six or seven provinces, especially the suburbs of Beijing. Liangye's Geological Records of Beijing Xishan published on 1920 is mostly based on the field practice of teachers and students in the Geological Survey Institute.

Third, the first regional geological survey report of China

19 16. Weng compiled the investigation report of students during their internship into a book and compiled it into "Learning Notes for Junior Students in Geological College". This is a compilation of the field practice results of teachers and students in our college, and it is also the first regional geological survey report completed by Chinese scholars. The book consists of six chapters. The first chapter introduces the scope of geological survey in detail, and the second to sixth chapters are: system, igneous rock, structure, minerals and conclusion. The book is accompanied by 27 geological maps and 19 photos.

The chapter of "system" is based on the self-investigation of teachers and students in the Institute of Geology, which synthesizes the previous research of foreign scholars and divides and compares the investigation areas. At the same time, the geological age of each layer is determined. For the division and correlation of strata, we can determine the generation order and understand the evolution and distribution of organisms. At the same time, it is of great significance for studying paleogeography, paleoenvironmental changes, crustal movement laws and mineral exploration and mining.

The chapter "Igneous Rock" mainly classifies igneous rocks and preliminarily infers their ages. At that time, there was no universal standard for the classification of igneous rocks. Therefore, rock nouns are often polysemous or synonymous. This has brought a lot of trouble to geologists' research. The article points out that in China, "translated names lack popular terms, and most of them are translated from Japanese, focusing on innovation and consolidating scientific practice. Most of the Japanese translation nouns come from the ancient western meanings, which have gradually lost and are prone to misunderstanding. " Therefore, the rock types involved in this chapter are all accompanied by western names to reduce the problems caused by different translations. The age of sedimentary rocks can mostly be judged according to their horizon properties and fossils left in the strata, while the age of igneous rocks is relatively difficult. However, according to the existing data, the author speculated the age of igneous rock formation. The study of igneous rocks is very important for geological research, because the minerals and chemical structures in igneous rocks can provide a lot of knowledge about the crustal structure. In addition, by measuring the age of igneous rocks and comparing with the age of adjacent strata, the sequence of events can be inferred, which is of great significance to the study of plate tectonics.

Although the survey scope of teachers and students in the College of Geology has covered six or seven provinces, it is still difficult to draw a conclusion about geological structure based on the survey results of teachers and students' internships. Therefore, the chapter "Structure" is based on the achievements of teachers and students, and comprehensively refers to the survey results of western scholars.

The fifth chapter discusses the minerals investigated. Mainly for coal fields and iron mines that are already in the development stage. These include: Mentougou Coalfield, Zhaitang Coalfield, Zhili Luanzhou Coalfield, Lincheng Coalfield, Cixian Coalfield, Shandong Taian Ningyangci Coalfield, Shandong Yixian Zaozhuang Coalfield, Jiangxi Jinxian Fengcheng Coalfield, Huaining Guichi Taihu Susong Four County Coal Mine, Zhili Luanxian Iron Mine, Jiangxi Dehua Chengmenshan Iron Mine and Wan 'an Copper Fandang Iron Mine. The minerals involved in this chapter are mainly coal mines and iron mines, especially coal mines. This paper mainly introduces the mineral output, mining companies, mining situation, daily output, workers' wages, mineral prices, mining equipment and so on.

In the last chapter, on the basis of predecessors' research, the general situation of north and south strata in China, the general situation of changes in different periods and the relationship between minerals and geology are discussed.

The Record of Junior Students' Education in the College of Geology contains the results of field investigation by teachers and students in the College of Geology in recent three years. Weng Wenhao wrote in the preface of the book: "Therefore, the internship results are often piecemeal and trivial. Those who are systematic, sincere and regretful, and those who do nothing, although the fluorescence of fire is not enough for the size of a candle, can also be merged into one room. If the east scales and west claws are not enough to get a glimpse, they can be integrated. " Although the survey scope of this book only involves six or seven provinces, and only the surrounding areas of Beijing are investigated in detail. However, at that time, the geological research in China was almost blank, but it was particularly precious. This is also a milestone in the history of geological survey and geological research in China, from China to China and from China to China.

Four. abstract

These students who graduated from the College of Geology are the first batch of geologists trained in China. Most of these people became the founders and pioneers of modern geology in China. At the graduation ceremony of the college, An Tesheng commented that the academic level of these students is "no different from that of three-year graduates from European and American universities". [5] These graduates have successively worked in the Geological Survey Institute, the Provincial Geological Survey Institute, the Institute of Geology of Academia Sinica, the Mineral Exploration Department of the Resources Committee, Peking University and other university geological departments. Whether engaged in scientific research, teaching or administrative management, they have made great contributions to the development of geology in China. Zhang Zeng said: "All great national undertakings must start with education. This is the only reason for all kinds of failures in the past. The achievements of geological circles after the Republic of China are the result of education. If you want to by going up one flight of stairs in the future, you must work hard on education. " [2] The achievements of the Institute of Geology have undoubtedly confirmed that the established geological education model in China adapts to the development of geology in China and China.

According to the list of teachers listed in the survey of Geological Institute, all the teachers in this institute are China scholars. Nevertheless, it is not difficult to find that most of them have studied abroad and received advanced geological education in the west. They not only brought advanced knowledge from the west, but also borrowed from the western teaching model, and combined with the national conditions of China, created their own model. Ding Wenjiang once mentioned in a speech that "there is a general lack of field training in British and American universities and mining schools. After studying in the British Mining School for several years, there is only two weeks of internship, so that students are completely unable to engage in prospecting work independently after graduation. American schools are better in this respect. On the other hand, premature specialization and excessive freedom seriously hinder students' choice of learning methods, so that some geologists have never even seen a rock microscope, while among the so-called geologists, some people have little training in geophysics and stratigraphy, which are very important for oilfield geological research. "[15] We can also see the importance of field practice in cultivating geological talents. The education of Geological College is carried out in accordance with this educational concept.

In addition, under the backward economic conditions and the hard experience of field practice, the Institute of Geology has also cultivated a spirit of suffering. An Tesheng, consultant of Geological Survey, once said, "Most upper-class people in China don't like working. With the qualification of traveling with many educated people in China, the author dares to prove here that the graduates of geological survey don't need a sedan chair when they go out. They know very well that the only tool for field geologists is two strong legs. " [16] At the graduation ceremony of the School of Geology, Ding Wenjiang also advised his students: "Do not consider personal salary and working conditions, but consider their own national conditions. You should look at the daily income of the lower classes in our country; Second, we must not be infected with bureaucratic habits, and we must be diligent and self-motivated. " [5] This spirit was formed in the period of geological research institute, which undoubtedly played a positive role in the later development of geology in China. And this influence has been passed down from generation to generation in countless field practices.

Although the purpose of geological education today is not only to train field investigators. However, it is undeniable that field investigation, as a basic accomplishment, is extremely necessary for any post engaged in geological undertakings. Up to now, the Xishan area in Beijing, where teachers and students of the Institute of Geology have conducted the most frequent and detailed surveys, is still the practice base of many geological institutes. This tradition of field practice is passed down by the Institute of Geology. This practice-oriented way of cultivating geological talents has created generations of geologists.

Verb (short for verb) Thank you.

Thanks to Zhang of China Geological Library, Institute of Modern History of China Academy of Social Sciences and Chen of China Geo University for their information and help. Thanks to Mr. Zhang from the Institute of Natural Science History, Chinese Academy of Sciences for providing guidance for this article.

refer to

[1] sheets. Research by the Central Geological Survey. Jinan: Shandong Education Press, 2005,

Zhang. A brief history of geological development in China. Beijing: Commercial Press, 1937.

[3] Zhang. Self-report. Wuhan: Wuhan Institute of Geology Press, 1987.

[4] Ding Wenjiang. Description of the pilot geological survey of the Ministry of Industry and Commerce, 19 13.

[5] Zhang. Overview of geological research institute of ministry of agriculture and commerce. Beijing: Jinghua Publishing House, 19 16.

[6] Official Gazette, 19 13-09-08.

[7] Official Gazette, 19 13-08-05.

[8] Zhu Tinghu. The Ding Wenjiang I know. See: Selected Works of Literature and History (No.80 Series). Beijing: China Literature and History Publishing House, 1962.

[9] Pan Jiang. Brief introduction of teachers and students of Institute of Geology, Ministry of Agriculture and Commerce. Historical materials of China science and technology,1999,20 (2):130 ~144.

Li Xuetong. Weng wenhao's chronology. Jinan: Shandong Education Press, 2005.

[1 1] Curriculum Guide of Geology Department of National Peking University. Fourteen to fifteen years. Peking University Archives

Weng wenhao Recall Mr. Ding Zaijun. Independent comments, 1936, 188, 15 ~ 16.

[13] Wang Genyuan. A brief history of geological education in China. Journal of Geoscience-Wuhan Institute of Geology, 1986,11(2): 207 ~ 215.

Weng wenhao Preface See: My younger brother is studying notes at the Institute of Geology. 19 16,9 ~ 12.

Ding Wenjiang, geological society of china,1924,3 (1):1~19.

[16] Geology and Science of China in the Past 30 Years, 28 (6): 249 ~ 264.

[17] Song Guangbo. Ding Wenjiang and the start of China's geological cause. Historical materials of Beijing Archives, 2005 (4): 162 ~ 190.

Yu Yun. General situation of higher geological education in China (1909 ~ 1949). Geological education in China, 1999, (3): 40 ~ 46.

Wang. History of China Geological Survey. Beijing: Petroleum Industry Press, 1996.