1. Learn to use a variety of argumentation methods to enrich the content of argumentative papers.

[writing instruction]

Argumentation is reasoning. To convince people of their own truth, we should enrich the content, not just talk about abstract truth over and over again. The most effective way to enrich the content of an argumentative paper is to use demonstration methods such as example, quotation, metaphor, comparison and causality after establishing the argument and drawing up the outline of the article. These argumentation methods are inseparable from examples, principles, famous sayings and other materials, so to enrich the content, the article must have rich materials. Please read the following excellent compositions of the 2000 college entrance examination:

[Case study]

Innovation is the highlight of personality.

A circle, some people think it is a red sun, some people think it is a full moon, some people think it is a closed mind that does not communicate with the outside world, and some people think it is a maze that will never come out. Diverse people, diverse thoughts, diverse answers and infinite diversity constitute such a colorful world.

Qin Zhuan Hanwa, tang style Song Yu and the ancients created a brand-new artistic realm for us in the sea of poetry in Wang Yang. With the farewell, Wang Wei "advised you to have a glass of wine, and people have no reason to go out of Xiyangguan", Li Taibai "Peach Blossom Pond is deeper than thousands of feet, not as deep as Wang Lunshen", Wang Zian "Why linger at the fork in the road, children * * * touch the towel", Gao Shi "Mochow has no confidant in the road ahead, and everyone knows you". Li Taibai's "The living are passers-by, the dead are returnees, heaven and earth go back and forth, sharing weal and woe", Cao Mengde's "What is the geometry of life? It is difficult to go to Japan. " Just like Yongmei, Lu You knew that "scattered into mud, ground into dust, only fragrance remains the same", Wang Anshi "knew far away that it was not snow, only fragrance came", and Mao Zedong "sent the spring home after the wind and rain, and the flying snow ushered in the spring, which was already hundreds of feet of ice on the cliff. There are beautiful flowers, beautiful flowers, do not compete for spring. They only report spring until the flowers bloom and it laughs in the bushes. " At dusk and sunset, Li Shangyin said that "the setting sun is infinitely good, and it was buried in the coming night", while Mao Zedong said that "the road to Xiongguan is really like iron, and now it is stepping from the beginning, jumping up, Cangshan is like the sea, and the setting sun is like blood". Due to the cruelty of the war, Cao Mengde lamented that "there is no crow in a thousand miles", while Mao Zedong "the yellow flowers in the battlefield are particularly fragrant". Can you say who is better and who is better? No, no, no, different people, different personalities and different thinking, no one can arbitrarily deny it!

I accidentally read an article "What are we investigating? The day before yesterday, I explained a story in it: high flyers of the Physics Department insisted on answering a simple physics question with more than ten methods different from the standard answer, about how to measure the height of a building with a barometer. The best one is; Knock knock Wei's room asked, "How high is this building?" Besides laughing, it gives us endless thoughts: facing a practical problem, is it a standard answer or encouraging multiple ways of thinking?

Recently, I occasionally saw an art exhibition, which painted the sun in the eyes of kindergarten children. Some red suns were named "light", some blue suns were named "the color of the earth", and some black suns were named "the poor sun full of dust". I'm surprised. Looking at these elegant handwriting, I am amazed at the infinite imagination.

Infinite diversity, rooted in the diversity of personality, is the most striking in this creative world and this innovative era. It is not difficult to imagine that without creation, we might still live in a primitive society full of blood and chaos, we might still struggle in the dark, and we might be at a loss under the power of nature.

Advocate creation, accept and encourage this infinite diversity! Remember: "The first one describes a woman as a genius, the second as a mediocrity, and the third as a big fool!" " "

[Comment] At the beginning of this article, starting from various viewpoints on "one circle", the topic of "infinite diversity constitutes such a colorful world" is introduced. In the second paragraph, taking the poems of the ancients and Mao Zedong as examples, they are all about farewell, cherishing time, plum blossom, twilight and cruel war. "Different people" show "different personalities and different thinking", so "no one can arbitrarily deny it". The third and fourth paragraphs respectively take the story in What Are We Examining and the various suns in children's eyes when watching art exhibitions as examples to show the author's point of view that multiple ways of thinking and unlimited imagination should be encouraged. After a little elaboration in the fifth paragraph, the sixth paragraph calls for "advocating creation, accepting and encouraging this infinite diversity!" "Take care of the full text. The article is progressive in thinking, echoing from beginning to end and closely structured. The materials are rich, many classical poems are quoted, and the content is quite substantial in connection with the deepening center of "one product, one painting".

[Composition training questions]

We can often hear such remarks as "If only I had studied hard in primary school" and "If only I had learned to play the piano". Or "if someone asks me to do this, I will do it well." What's the big deal? " And so on. In short, what follows "if" is a hypothesis, a hypothetical condition and the results produced under this condition. What do you want to say to someone when they say "If …"?

Please write an article of not less than 800 words with the topic of "Life doesn't believe if ……".

2. Image reasoning, interesting

Argumentative writing relies on reasoning, not emotion, so argumentative writing cannot be replaced by narration, and the language must be general. This is especially important for beginners to write argumentative papers. However, when we master the basic writing methods of argumentative writing, we can learn how to make argumentative writing vivid and win readers.

The vivid image of argumentative writing is different from narrative writing. The image sketch in argumentative writing must obey and serve the argument, which determines that it is impossible and completely unnecessary to describe the image of sketch in detail, but it is important to convey the spirit "make the finishing point". Proper use of imagery reasoning can not only enhance the profundity of the discussion, but also make the discussion interesting and greatly enhance the appeal of the article.

There are four methods of image reasoning:

First, imagine the example method.

Hypothetical example method refers to the assumption of a phenomenon that cannot exist in life as a fact in order to highlight the characteristics of something or the correctness of a truth, and take it as an argument. Although this phenomenon can't exist in reality, if it exists, it can prove the author's point of view more effectively.

For example, when discussing the truth that "no matter who criticizes us, we should treat it equally and welcome it wholeheartedly, but we can't abandon it because of people", Mr. Lu Xun imagined: "If we set a topic of' What should we do if we are hungry', let's drag the ancients out to ask questions. If we say,' If we are hungry, we should fight for food', then even if this person is Qin Gui, I agree with him. If you say' you should punch your mouth', it is Yue Fei, and you must also object. If Zhuge Liang came out and explained that' eating is only warm, and now slapping his mouth is equal to eating because of friction and warmth', then we will tear off his false scientific face and there is no need to calculate his previous conduct. "Mr. Lu Xun's words are humorous, which strongly demonstrates the truth that' you can't waste words because of people'."

If the above example is based on the assumption that things have never happened in history, then the next example is based on the assumption that things are difficult to happen in real life. Mr. Bai Yang of Taiwan Province Province is discussing that "the new is not necessarily good; But the good ones are almost all new. When it comes to men's hairstyles, they become fierce: "It is said that two people are sitting side by side in the park, and A says,' Hey, that girl is shameless and basks in the sun with her back bare.' B suddenly said,' He is my son.' A apologized and said,' Sorry, I didn't know you were his mother. B said,' No, I'm his father. It's really a big problem that men have long hair and women have short hair. "This is in stitches, vividly illustrates the phenomenon that men have long hair is becoming more and more common nowadays.

Second, the method of introducing interesting materials

Quoting interesting materials means quoting interesting materials, such as stories, fables and jokes, to demonstrate the truth.

For example, if we want to demonstrate the truth that "we can't take it for granted, but we can make a correct judgment after repeated investigation and thinking", we can cite the fable of "luring a baby into the river" to demonstrate: "There was a Chu man who wanted to throw a crying baby into the river. He was asked why. He said:' The baby's father is good at swimming, and the baby is naturally good at swimming.' Of course, this fable is just a joke, but there are people in life who are similar to the Chu people. In life, we often hear people arbitrarily draw the conclusion of' of course, of course'. These conclusions seem reasonable at first glance, but on second thought, they are often full of fallacies and vulnerable. Aren't these people who take it for granted as ridiculous as the Chu people? For example, when we want to criticize the harmfulness of dogmatism, we can quote a joke: "A student's father told his students to imitate their teachers in every word and deed at school. The students were ordered to return to school. Teachers eat and students eat; When the teacher leaves, so do the students. Teachers read books at night and students read books at night; The teacher doesn't think it's funny, but the students imitate it. The teacher laughs and the students laugh; The teacher sneezed three times in a row and couldn't live, so he bowed and thanked him: future generations will never surpass their predecessors. After all, Mr. Wang has a top secret new trick, which is difficult to learn! " Then he made a comment: "I think those who only read the documents of their superiors and only believe in books are similar to this trite and ridiculous scholar." How can you make your career successful if you blindly believe in theory and don't study it in combination with your own reality? "

Thirdly, the analogy of humor.

Metaphorical argument is a common method in argumentative writing. The use of metaphor in image reasoning is different from that in general argumentative essays, and the materials used are often humorous or slightly rendered after quoting materials. Materials are also very extensive, such as animal habits, plant characteristics, living habits, physiological phenomena and so on.

Taking animal habits as the material, for example, the article "Beating the Pig's Mouth" published in the essay newspaper began by saying: "When it comes to the cadre team, there is a mean saying that some cadres are like cows, only knowing how to bury their heads in their work and not asking about personal treatment; Some cadres, like pigs, only know how to eat, drink and be merry, and don't do serious things; There are also cadres like dogs who not only don't work but also bite people everywhere. " For example, in "Transforming Our Learning", Mao Zedong painted a portrait for those who only recite dogma and have no scientific attitude: "The reeds on the wall are top-heavy and shallow; The bamboo shoots in the mountains are thick and empty. " For those who have serious problems with subjectivism, this is really to the point! For example, Mao Zedong advocated writing articles and making speeches seriously and responsibly in "Opposing stereotyped Party writing". He said: "Take washing your face as an example. We wash it every day, and many people wash it more than once. After washing, look in the mirror and investigate. (Laughter) We are afraid of anything inappropriate. You see, how responsible this is! We write articles and give speeches, as long as we are as responsible as washing our faces. " He described looking in the mirror in daily life as "investigation and study", and used the comparison of word meaning and situation to produce unique interest, which was amazing. A series of highly colloquial and slightly exaggerated sentences, coupled with the overall metaphor, make the center to be expressed below (writing articles and giving speeches must have a highly responsible spirit) vivid!

Fourth, outline the image method

The method of sketching an image refers to sketching an image with cartoons or sketching pen and ink in reasoning. As a typical example, it shows the essential characteristics of some people and things in life, reveals profound thoughts and shows strong love and hate.

For example, Mao Zedong used this technique to sketch the image of some people in the petty bourgeoisie in the old society in "Analysis of Social Classes in China": "This kind of people have a heavy concept of getting rich and most often worship Marshal Zhao. Although they don't want to get rich, they always want to climb to the middle class. When they see those respectable little rich people, they often have a foot-long saliva ... "Here, the author expresses his opinion:" This kind of people have a very heavy concept of getting rich "and vividly describes:" They ... often have a foot-long saliva. " This kind of discussion includes narration, discussion in narration, discussion in narration and image reasoning, which not only reveals the essential characteristics of "this kind of person", but also is interesting and enjoyable.

Might as well give it a try

Using the method of image reasoning, write an argumentative essay with the theme of "Enlightenment from Looking in the Mirror". No less than 600 words.

(Hint: "Looking in the mirror" is observation, and "enlightenment" is the result of thinking. We can conceive from many aspects: from how the "mirror" reflects the objective reality, think of the good quality of the "mirror" and associate it with how to be a man; Think from the "small mirror" in front of you to the mirror of "history" and sum up experiences and lessons; Decontamination in the mirror can be associated with how to treat criticism and self-criticism correctly. )