English abstracts can be divided into two categories: informative abstracts and informative abstracts: only the topic of the paper is informed, and the materials, methods and results of the research are not introduced, which are expressed in the simple present tense. Many professional magazines have an indicative summary under the title of their catalog pages, especially after the titles of some articles that editors think are more important. For example, the free transplantation of two undamaged fingers from a non-replantable left arm to a silent right hand of a boy of 16 months old is reported. This paper reports that two undamaged fingers on the replantable left arm were transplanted to the amputated right hand of a boy of 16 years old. ) 1) informative summary: tell readers the general situation of the research, so that they can understand the purpose, materials, methods, results, conclusions and existing problems of the research. Data summarization can be divided into two types: traditional or unstructured and structured. No matter what form of abstract, it should include the following basic elements:

1) theme (theme as title)

2) Research purpose

3) Methodology

4) Materials

5) results

6) Conclusion

Unstructured Abstract: Unclear paragraphs bring many inconveniences to editing, reading, reading and computer processing.

1) Full structure summary:

1in April, 974, Dr. R. Brian Haynes of McMaster University Medical Center in Canada first proposed to establish a structured abstract of clinical research papers. Under the guidance of Dr. Edward J Huth, the American Yearbook of Internal Medicine took the lead in adopting full-structure abstracts in the world.

A structured summary consists of eight elements:

1. Objective: To explain the problems to be solved in this paper.

2. Design: Explain the basic design of the research, including the nature of the research.

3. Setup: indicate the location of the research and the level of the research institution.

4. Participants or subjects of patients: explain the nature, number and selection method of patients or subjects who participated in and completed the study.

5. Intervention measures: explain the exact treatment or treatment method.

6. Main result measurement: explain and evaluate the main measurement items of the research results.

7. Results: Explain the main objective results.

Conclusion: Explain the main conclusions, including the significance of direct clinical application. Compared with unstructured abstracts, fully structured abstracts are clearer, more informative, and have fewer errors, which is more in line with the requirements for the establishment and use of computer databases. But its shortcomings are also obvious, that is, tedious, repetitive, too long' and not all studies can be classified according to the above eight elements. So more magazines use semi-structured abstracts to foster strengths and avoid weaknesses.

1) Semi-structured abstract: Semi-structured abstract, also known as four-element abstract, includes: purpose/purpose/purpose, method, result and conclusion, which abstract form should be adopted according to the specific requirements of each magazine. At present, many domestic magazines are transitioning from unstructured abstracts to semi-structured abstracts.