Abraham's grandson is called Jacob (also known as Israel). According to Genesis, after fighting an angel all night, Jacob got the title of Israel, which means "warrior of God". ), Jacob gave birth to twelve sons (whether there are twelve sons is unknown, but according to expert research, the Hebrews have twelve tribes, and the twelve sons are actually the leaders of the twelve tribes in Hebrew). One of the twelve sons is named Yue Se. He is loved by his father, so his brothers are jealous. They sold him to an Egyptian businessman, but fortunately, Yue Se became the prime minister of the Egyptian palace. When there was a famine in Canaan and his brothers went to Egypt to borrow food, Yue Se returned good for evil, and then all the Hebrews moved to Egypt. During the 300 years of living in Egypt, it happened that the pharaohs of the new kingdom were trying to create an Egyptian empire, looking for an unprecedented number of slaves to keep the domestic economy running. Most Hebrews became slaves and suffered all kinds of slavery. At this time, Moses, a Jew, led his compatriots out of Egypt after struggling with Pharaoh. After crossing the Red Sea, the Israelites settled near Mount Sinai for more than forty years, looking for ways to go to Canaan. On the way home, life in Israel was extremely difficult. Many wars broke out and people began to fall apart. Under the guise of the commandments of the Lord God, Moses launched a "Puritanism Movement" against the apostate Hebrews, claiming that the Lord taught him the Ten Commandments on Mount Sinai as a covenant between the Lord and the Hebrews, that is, the "Moses Ten Commandments".
Hebrew civilization was born in the land called Palestine today and Canaan in ancient times. Hebrews are the ancestors of Jews today. But in the ancient world, the Hebrews' political status was relatively unimportant, and their civilization was not as prominent as that of Egypt and Mesopotamia. But from 65438 BC to 0200 BC to 400 BC, the Hebrews founded a religion-Judaism, which had a great influence on the formation of early Christianity and Islam. People regard Hebrew civilization as one of the sources of Western European civilization. Jews still play an important role in the world. To this day, the Jewish issue remains an important issue in world affairs. Therefore, the Hebrews are of extraordinary importance in history. Humans perished in the Western Roman Empire.
Hebrew civilization was born in the land called Palestine today and Canaan in ancient times. Hebrews are the ancestors of Jews today. But in the ancient world, the Hebrews' political status was relatively unimportant, and their civilization was not as prominent as that of Egypt and Mesopotamia.
But from 65438 BC to 0200 BC to 400 BC, the Hebrews founded a religion-Judaism, which had a great influence on the formation of early Christianity and Islam. People regard Hebrew civilization as one of the sources of Western European civilization. Jews still play an important role in the world. To this day, the Jewish issue remains an important issue in world affairs. Therefore, the Hebrews are of extraordinary importance in history. Hebrews are ancient Jews. Their ancestors wandered from the Euphrates River valley to Canaan (present-day Palestine) around 2000 BC, and the locals called them "Habirus", meaning people on the other side of the river; Hebrews who later became one sound. Around 1000 BC, some of them called themselves "Israelis" because it is said that their ancestor Jacob was named Israel by God. Legend has it that Jacob wrestled with an angel at night until dawn, and the angel called him Israel.
His descendants are increasingly teething, forming two tribal alliances in Palestine. The one in the north is called Israel, with a large population and vast territory. The south is called Judas, with a small population and good land. Before and after reunification, David of Judah became king, conquered all tribes, and established a unified kingdom, which made the country unprecedentedly powerful and its culture unprecedentedly prosperous. But after the death of his son Solomon, the kingdom was divided into two parts: Israel in the north and Judah in the south, who died in Assyria and New Babylon, and China was either captured or exiled.
People call these displaced people Jews. This title is the meaning of Jewish national subjugation. It was derogatory at first. Later it became a custom, and this title came down. From then on, we struggled to death, and when the last uprising against the Roman Empire failed in A.D. 135, the history of "Hebrews" ended and became the history of "Jews".
Historical editor
National origin
The Hebrews were originally a Semitic tribe. Sumerians originated in the south of the Arabian desert. At first, they were nomadic people who lived on aquatic plants. They moved to Mobei three times in large scale and entered the famous crescent land. It was in these three northern expeditions that various cultures of this cradle of human civilization were absorbed and Hebrew culture with its own characteristics was formed.
The first expedition to the north (around 3000 BC) moved from southern Arabia to Mesopotamia and came into contact with Sumerians, resulting in Babylonian culture. The second Northern Expedition (around 2000 BC) started from Ur, along the Euphrates River to Harlan, and some people went west and south from Harlan to Canaan, the western end of the fertile crescent moon. In the eyes of nomads, this is a blessed land where milk drips. However, there are mountains covered with snow all year round and the lowest land in the world. The climate is constantly changing and the rainfall is insufficient. Famine occurs every few years.
During a disastrous famine, Jacob's family fled to Egypt and settled in Goshen area near the Nile Delta for 300 to 400 years (BC17th century to BC13rd century). As a result, people and animals flourished, causing jealousy and suspicion among Egyptians, who tried to enslave and persecute them. Led by Moses, they fled Egypt and returned to Canaan. This was the third Northern Expedition (65438 BC+the middle of the 3rd century). This northern expedition conquered many Bedouins and struggled in the desert for more than forty years before entering Canaan. After 100 years of struggle, it gradually assimilated with local farmers in Canaan. At that time, Canaan had not only Canaan culture, but also Phoenician culture, Syrian culture, Egyptian culture and Babylonian culture. Later, there was a non-Lux culture that entered from Crete in the Mediterranean, and their culture was the Greek system. In Canaan, Hebrews dealt with many nationalities, languages, scripts, religions, arts and customs, and merged in the struggle to create their own unique Hebrew culture.
Establish a kingdom
After the establishment of the Hebrew Kingdom (BC 1028, about Zhou Wenwang, China), slavery prevailed and culture entered a stage of great development. The reign of David and Solomon (BC 1000-933 BC) was the golden age of Hebrew culture. At that time, the national situation was unprecedentedly strong, the economy was prosperous, the buildings were extensive, the temples and palaces were numerous, a huge band was formed, and a large number of lyric poems, philosophical poems and brilliant historical records were produced. Since the kingdom split (933 BC), Judas in the south and Israel in the north have foolishly killed each other, and the power of the country has been declining. Under the gaze of its powerful neighbors, its kingdom is in great danger. So the prophet-social reformer came into being. They dare to take the risk of being killed and stand up as spokesmen of gods and people, condemning the cruel exploitation and depravity of rulers and rich people. Prophets have the temperament of poets. They are enthusiastic, sensitive, sharp-eyed, talented and fearless. Isaiah and Jeremiah, the fiercest prophets, died. Their poetic and sorrowful works are the treasures of Hebrew cultural heritage.
Hellenistic period
In the 2nd century BC, during the Hellenistic period, Antiochus IV Epiphanes of the Greek regime wanted the Jews to be Hellenistic, practiced tyranny, and forced them to eat sacrificed pork that they had never eaten before. Eleazar, a determined old man, refused to eat. The enemy pried open his mouth and stuffed the pork. He would rather die than surrender, spit it out and go to the execution ground automatically. The old priest in charge of sacrifice is his old friend. He secretly told him that I used mutton instead of pork. If you eat it like pork, you can avoid death. He said, "This kind of deception is not suitable for people my age. People will think that I have given up my faith at the age of 90, and I have only lived a little longer, but I have brought humiliation and humiliation to myself. I will also set a bad example for young people, go astray and live such a big age in vain. " His heroic sacrifice set an example for the youth and left glory for the nation. Another mother and seven sons also died in this way. Six sons are dead. When it was the younger son's turn, the enemy thought that the mother loved her youngest son the most, so she asked her to persuade her youngest son to obey and eat pork. The mother struggled for a while and said to her little son in Hebrew, "Die bravely like your six brothers, and I will bring you back together when I come back." The youngest son died, and the mother went directly to the execution ground and died.
In 70 AD and 135 AD, when the Jews failed in War of Resistance against Japanese Aggression for the last two times against the Roman Empire, the defenders of the last camp, Masaadeh and Fort Bertard, all committed suicide, and no one surrendered. Such national integrity, although defeated, is still glorious.
In 70 AD, the capital Jerusalem was destroyed, the temple of the national thought center was destroyed, the Bible was burned, Jewish etiquette was abolished, there was no political power, no land, no culture, and the country was ruined. The failure of 135 led to a greater disaster. Jews were killed, deported and scattered all over the world 1700 years. After 1700 years of diaspora life, without the protection of the motherland and laws, people are driven away, killed and humiliated everywhere. However, with the monotheistic beliefs and laws handed down by Moses as the link, they still have immortal national souls in spirit. After going out and gaining a foothold, after suffering, we can still restore the characteristics of Hebrew and Hebrew culture, return to our ancestors' base areas, and establish a new state of Israel.
Influence editing
Born in sorrow and died in happiness, Hebrew cultural history can also prove this. From the King of Judah (586 BC) to the last failure to resist Rome (A.D. 135), Hebrew culture developed well after more than 700 years of struggle. The collation of ancient documents, the maturity of Judaism and the new influence of Persian and Greek culture have brought about new changes in Hebrew culture, resulting in Christian culture and affecting the whole world.
The glory of Hebrew culture The Hebrew nation is a small and peculiar nation. As far as territory is concerned, it is only as big as Hainan Province, the smallest province in China. But culture, like our country, has a long cultural history. They have a precious ancient library, the Bible, which has been handed down to this day, and ranks as one of the four most influential ancient literature libraries along with China, Indian and Greek masterpieces. People all over the world share the Bible. Destroyed by Rome in 70 AD and forced into exile for nearly 2000 years, it has miraculously revived the country. Its people's cultural quality is still very high, and there are outstanding figures in various cultural fields, such as Marx, Einstein, Freud, Heine and Kafka. Their continuous achievements are invincible.
Hebrew priest, prophet, rabbi, etc. Constantly encourage and urge them not to forget to defend God, Moses' laws and traditional commandments as a link to maintain national life.