First, go deep into the essence through the phenomenon
Everything in the world has two aspects: phenomenon and essence. Phenomenon is the external expression of essence, and essence is a rational summary of phenomenon. Only by being good at seeing the essence of anything through phenomena can we draw a correct conclusion. How can we penetrate the essence through the phenomenon? Generally speaking, writing a narrative should focus on exploring the ideological quality and spiritual world of the characters; When writing an argumentative essay, we should peel off the shell of the phenomenon from the complicated things, grasp the core of the problem, and establish our own views from a strategically advantageous position. Specifically, you need to do the following:
1.
In the process of writing articles, we choose small things in daily life, but they can show great ideological significance. Lu Xun's A Little Thing adopted this method. By describing the different attitudes of "I" and rickshaw pullers towards the old woman, the article shows the noble character of the rickshaw pullers who are brave, responsible, upright and selfless, and also shows the self-dissecting character of "I". There is a masterpiece of college entrance examination, and I am very lucky to meet you. The author only chooses ordinary cases in daily life to describe them, from appearance to clothing, from talking to giving things, from writing letters to sending exams. The details are vivid and vivid, and the unparalleled care of the class teacher is written, which fully excavates the essential connotation of the teacher, eulogizes the noble character of the teacher and receives the effect that "silence is better than sound".
2. More comprehensive and good at analogy.
Phenomenon is the surface feature of all aspects of things, and it is the external expression of things. Generally speaking, it is visible and tangible. Essence is the internal connection of things, the fundamental nature of things, which is invisible and intangible, and it is hidden behind the phenomenon. The phenomenon is changeable and the essence is relatively stable. The essence of things must be expressed through certain phenomena, and any phenomenon shows the essence of things from some aspects. Therefore, it is necessary for us to make a thorough and comprehensive analysis and comparison of a large number of phenomena and their relationships, be good at analogy, reflect real life on the basis of analyzing things, dig out the thought-provoking essential connotation, and promote the depth of article argumentation.
3. From the real to the virtual, explore the essence.
This means that when selecting materials, we should not only stay on the appearance of things, but also reveal their spiritual essence. For example, an article wrote that two journalists deliberately ran a red light in traffic in order to test the legal awareness of Singapore, a "civilized country". As a result, unexpected things happened. All the car drivers stopped to make way for them, and some even waved. Later I learned that in Singapore, once you run a red light, it means you must have something urgent to do, so the driver let you go first. This is not a rule, but a long-standing habit of Singaporeans. The author chooses the matter of "running a red light" in Singapore as a "practical matter", but does not talk about it, but fully excavates the spiritual essence behind this fact. The behavior of all car drivers to give way is actually a "constraint of humanistic quality", which embodies Singapore's high humanistic spirit and advanced humanistic concept. In this way, the article went from reality to fiction, and found the essential meaning, which was thought-provoking.
4. From cause to cause, trace back to the source.
We know the result, so we know, and we know the reason, so we know. Only in this way can we have a profound understanding and draw an essential conclusion. For example, there is a masterpiece of the college entrance examination "The Fighter of Life", which focuses on establishing Hawking's lofty image and highlighting his excellent quality through multi-level comparison; Then summarize and reveal the reasons, and then make a transition from career achievements to a comprehensive exposition of Hawking's spiritual quality, which is more conducive to revealing the personality charm and essential spirit of the characters and leaving a deep impression on people.
Second, reveal the causal relationship between things.
Everything in the world is universally connected, and the universality of this connection has two meanings: first, it means that all things, phenomena and processes in the world do not exist in isolation, but are connected with other things, phenomena and processes around them in one way or another, and the whole world is an interconnected and unified whole; Second, it means that all parts, elements and links within any thing, phenomenon and process are also interrelated and interactive. Because the causal relationship between things is very complicated and changeable, we should reveal the internal causal relationship in the process of understanding things. On the one hand, we should master sufficient and reliable materials, on the other hand, we should know the correct methods.
1.
Exploring the cause and finding the result and tracing the source of causal reasoning are the main methods to guide the continuous development of ideas and deepen reasoning. Judging from the composition process alone, we must first "doubt", that is, we must be able to question the things involved in the topic and the opinions put forward. When you doubt, you think deeply. Specifically, there are "further thinking", "thinking from another angle" and "thinking together". "Further thinking" means thinking forward on the basis of existing knowledge and thinking wider and deeper. "Thinking from another angle" means observing and thinking about the same thing and the same point of view from different angles. There is also "thinking together", that is, combining the elements of previous thinking to make a more comprehensive judgment and evaluation of things.
2. Think multi-dimensionally and grasp mutual changes.
According to the universal connection of things, the difference between cause and effect is relative and will change under certain conditions. In other words, a phenomenon is a cause under one condition and a result under another. Because the development of things is interlocking, one causes another, and the other causes another. One possibility is both cause and effect. If there is an article entitled "Trees, Forests and Climate", if you analyze it carefully, you will find that the relationship among "trees", "forests" and "climate" is more complicated. Climate is regulated by forests, which are composed of individual trees. At the same time, climate in turn affects the growth of forests and trees. In this way, there is no simple causal relationship among "trees", "forests" and "climate". The only way is to look at the problem dialectically, so as to fully and accurately reveal the causal relationship between things.
3. Use reverse deduction and hypothesis demonstration.
Is to use reverse thinking and think in the opposite direction of the established proposition. Negative hypothesis is to assume that negative results will be produced under unfavorable conditions, thus discussing the correctness of positive conditions and results. For example, great achievements in science are achieved through hard work and single-minded goals. In the process of studying radium, it is extremely hard work for the Curies to extract a little radium from hundreds of tons of abandoned uranium pitch ore. On the way, Curie wavered, but Madame Curie firmly encouraged him to go on, and they finally succeeded. Imagine, if they don't have persistent determination and single-minded perseverance, I wonder when the discovery of radium will be delayed.
4. Comparative analysis, draw inferences from one another.
There are often many causal links between things. Through comparative analysis, we can find the fundamental points and main points, or explore the different reasons for different results, or explore the same reasons for different results, or explore the different reasons for the same results, and then make more accurate judgments. At the same time, analogy is helpful to prove this point and indirectly infer the cause or result; The method of seeking difference can find the cause of things according to the situation and explain the truth well.
Third, the viewpoint is enlightening.
The so-called "enlightening point of view" means that the point of view of the article should make people feel, feel, think and think, and inspire or warn people. So, how can we make the idea inspiring? The author believes that "four essentials" should be achieved.
1. Have an extraordinary eye.
As a profound and noble composition, its views are enlightening, and we must first have a vision beyond the general. On the basis of common sense and conclusion, we should go beyond it and form our own views. Gather the essence of the world and become a family statement. Learn from others and surpass others. Liu Yuxi, a poet in the Tang Dynasty, has always been praised because he rebelled against the tradition of mourning for autumn in the past. "A crane in the clear sky rows clouds, leading a poem to the blue sky" is heroic and lofty, which makes this poem shine far better than previous works with the same theme. One year in Beijing, the college entrance examination paper asked for a composition on "rules". When most candidates are thinking hard about "rules", one candidate is surprised: "Youth has no rules!" This is an anti-rule idea, and it is also an idea beyond the general opinion. The point of view is very enlightening.
2. Have noble and healthy feelings and thoughts.
Noble and healthy emotions and thoughts can often inspire and inspire people, which directly determines the conception and realm of the composition. People's feelings are social, and the feelings we express should be personal sincere and natural feelings on the one hand; On the other hand, we should consciously coordinate with the whole society. All the joys and sorrows that can reflect truth, goodness and beauty can be used as the theme of the article. Noble and healthy thoughts can be expressed from two aspects: life attitude and social viewpoint, including correctly evaluating others, treating oneself correctly, living in harmony with others, inheriting traditional virtues, improving personal cultivation, cultivating will and morality, and caring for human society.
3. Have a strong sense of responsibility for the times.
Mainly reflected in two aspects: concern for nature and concern for society. Paying attention to nature is to gently put an aesthetic heart into nature and express a harmonious environment in which man and nature know each other, such as my castle in the air. Of course, we should also worry about nature, mourn, cry and shout for nature. This is the embodiment of the sense of responsibility of the times, and it is also one of the profound and thorough manifestations of the article. To pay attention to society, we should pay attention to the hot spots in life and society, put forward our own opinions, and reflect them in the composition, so that the article has a strong flavor of the times.
4. Have a sense of history and foresight.
Being able to stand at the height of history, whether describing the present through the past or discussing the present through the past, comparing the past with the present and making the past serve the present, can easily narrow the distance with all aspects. Can sum up experience from history, learn lessons, predict the future and put forward advanced views. In this way, the article will naturally be profound. If there is an excellent college entrance examination "Smile Competition, Let's Go", the last part of the article reads:
Smile and compete, walk hand in hand! While we are gratified by the failure of the French bid for the Olympic Games, we put up a banner of "Celebrating Beijing's Successful Bid for the Olympic Games". We are also saddened by the Japanese's refusal to aim the camera at the smiling faces of women volleyball girls because of China's victory. Competition embodies the characteristics of the times and win-win represents the height of a nation!
"The wind is blowing/the moon is shining/I'm running on the same field as you/I'm smiling at you ..."
This passage is written with a sense of history and foresight. On the one hand, pay attention to history, sum up experience and draw lessons from history; On the other hand, it is the prospect of the future. The thought is profound and noble, touching and thought-provoking, which has great enlightening effect.