Inventory management article 1 inventory management of small and medium-sized enterprises
[Abstract] In small and medium-sized enterprises, managers believe that timely delivery is the most important, and if there is a possibility of delay, they may have to pay liquidated damages and other responsibilities. Therefore, how to ensure timely delivery and improve inventory turnover rate is particularly important. This paper expounds the importance of inventory management to the production development of enterprises, analyzes the main problems existing in the inventory management of small and medium-sized enterprises, and puts forward some corresponding countermeasures and suggestions, so as to provide useful reference for Chinese enterprises to strengthen inventory management.
[Keywords:] Analysis of inventory management methods
First, the importance of inventory management
Inventory refers to the materials reserved by enterprises for production or sales in the process of production and operation. In order to ensure the continuous and stable production and operation process, enterprises must purchase, use and sell inventory in a planned and purposeful way. No matter what type of enterprise, the types and quantities of inventory are very diverse, and they account for a considerable proportion of current assets.
Inventory management is the management of enterprise inventory, which mainly includes inventory information management and decision analysis on this basis, and finally effective control, so as to achieve the ultimate goal of inventory management and improve economic benefits. Scientific, efficient and perfect inventory management can improve the turnover rate of inventory and total assets, effectively reduce the average capital occupation rate of enterprises, and then enhance the economic benefits of enterprises, which plays an important role in the production and operation activities of enterprises.
Second, China's small and medium-sized enterprises inventory management problems and reasons
1. The internal control system is not perfect, the inventory management system is not perfect, and the implementation is weak.
Many enterprises do not realize that inventory control and management is an important link in the process of production and operation, so they lack a perfect inventory management system. Especially in small and medium-sized enterprises, the whole process of material procurement and product sales, such as procurement and sales, payment and collection, warehousing and warehousing, is often completed by the same person, which makes the procurement and sales work irregular and increases the possibility of corruption and bribery. This leads to confusion in physical inventory management and inaccurate information, and also leads to failure to provide a reasonable basis for fund management.
2. Incomes, issues and balances of inventories are not accurately recorded.
In the inventory management of Chinese enterprises, there is a widespread problem of inaccurate inventory value accounting and measurement. The main reasons include: first, the quality of relevant personnel is low, and it is impossible to use reasonable and scientific methods for accounting and measurement, which affects the quality of inventory accounting, resulting in inconsistency between book data and actual inventory, and financial statements can not truly reflect the financial situation of enterprises; Second, many enterprises have not yet realized computerized inventory management. The scale of modern enterprises is expanding day by day, and manual operation alone can not meet the needs of inventory management, nor can it guarantee the efficiency and quality of inventory accounting and measurement. Third, some business operators deliberately whitewash their performance, so they do not truly and accurately reflect the loss of inventory.
Therefore, due to many human factors, the main components of inventory, such as the collection records of materials, the collection and carry-over records of production costs and expenses, and the storage records of inventory goods, have many disadvantages in accounting.
3. Lack of scientific procurement plan and high occupation of working capital.
In the process of enterprise inventory procurement, the relevant personnel often can't apply for procurement according to the actual production and operation needs, let alone make a reasonable and scientific procurement plan. The enterprise's inventory purchase relies on subjective experience and sensory judgment, and the purchase price is only based on the buyer's mouth, rather than a scientific procurement plan made from the perspective of reducing costs and increasing profits while giving full play to the inventory function. In this case, frequent purchases often occur, and the purchase application is not made according to the material demand, which leads to the confusion of the purchase plan of the enterprise, the lack of scientific analysis, and the inability to determine the best order batch and cycle suitable for the enterprise. In this way, not only the possibility of buyer's corruption is high, but also the procurement cost is greatly increased, resulting in a high occupation of working capital. Some enterprises' inventory reserves account for more than 60% of the total working capital, which brings great difficulties to the working capital turnover of enterprises, and also easily leads to the extrusion or temporary shortage of raw materials, which affects the normal production and operation of enterprises.
4. Unreasonable storage and overstocked inventory have caused abnormal inventory reserves to crowd out normal inventory reserves.
In the process of inventory management, enterprises often fail to grasp the market demand, which leads to inaccurate sales forecast, and then in order to avoid missing the delivery date due to shortage, they will blindly purchase a large number of stocks for standby, resulting in a large backlog of stocks; Or in order to control the occupation of circulating funds, minimize the inventory occupation and purchase quantity in daily inventory management, thus affecting the reasonable inventory reserves required for normal production and operation and normal production and operation activities of enterprises; In addition, the long-term backlog of inventory may lead to depreciation, damage and theft, which will bring direct economic losses to enterprises.
Third, analysis of ways to improve the inventory management level of SMEs
1. Formulate detailed inventory management work division and post authority regulations.
At present, most small and medium-sized enterprises do not pay enough attention to the internal control system, and the responsibilities and authorities of the procurement department, production department and other relevant departments are not clear enough. Therefore, first of all, it is necessary to do a good job division control, establish a post responsibility system for inventory business, clarify the responsibilities and authorities of relevant departments and posts, and ensure that incompatible posts in inventory business such as procurement, acceptance and payment are separated, restricted and supervised; Storage and inventory; Sales and collection; Application and approval of inventory disposal; Approval and implementation, etc. Thirdly, formulate the inventory business process, define the control requirements of inventory acquisition, acceptance, warehousing, collection, distribution and disposal, and make corresponding records and vouchers. It is better for inventory managers to be responsible for the division of labor, fill in the purchase requisition separately and authorize it to inventory personnel, so as to supervise and restrict each other and avoid the behavior of the same person making false accounts.
2. Strictly implement national laws and regulations and apply modern science and technology to ensure the accuracy of inventory accounting and measurement.
Enterprises should strictly follow the requirements of the Accounting Standards for Business Enterprises to ensure the accuracy of inventory accounting and measurement. There are many ways to evaluate inventory. Enterprises should, according to their own actual situation, consider the correctness of inventory statement and tax assessment, strive to accurately judge the trend of material prices, and choose reasonable methods to make the book valuation results of inventory reflect the actual value of inventory as much as possible under the principle of ensuring the company to obtain the maximum tax benefits, so as to make the determination of cost of goods sold more accurate. In addition, manual accounting and measurement are far from meeting the needs of modern enterprise inventory management. Therefore, enterprises should strive to realize computerized inventory management, conduct accounting according to a unified accounting system through corresponding financial software and information systems, ensure timely, accurate and complete inventory accounting and measurement, and establish an applicable inventory management system according to their own organizational structure and industry characteristics, so as to understand enterprise inventory information in real time and dynamically and improve inventory operation efficiency.
3. Strengthen inventory procurement management, rationally operate procurement funds and control procurement costs.
(1) The buyer should have high professional quality, fully understand the production process and equipment operation, master the equipment maintenance, spare parts consumption and production material consumption, and then make a scientific and reasonable inventory purchase plan.
(2) Standardize procurement behavior and increase procurement transparency. Based on the economic principle, the buyer should dynamically monitor the quality, price and financial reputation of suppliers; Collect all kinds of information, shop around and find similar products in order to get the lowest price and the best quality.
(3) Bidding for bulk raw materials and large-scale spare parts shall be conducted to prevent black holes in procurement. This not only ensures the normal production, but also effectively controls the procurement cost, speeds up the capital turnover and improves the efficiency of capital use.
4. Use ABC control method to reduce inventory and accelerate capital turnover.
According to the importance of inventory, the daily management of inventory can be divided into three types: ABC. Class A inventory accounts for 65,438+00% ~ 65,438+05% of the total inventory, and funds account for about 80% of the total inventory, which is subject to key management. Class B inventory is general inventory, with varieties accounting for 20% ~ 30% of the total inventory and funds accounting for about 15% of the total inventory, which should be properly controlled and managed daily. Class c inventory accounts for 60% ~ 65% of the total inventory, and funds account for about 5% of the total inventory, which is generally managed. After ABC classification, we should seize the key inventory, control the general inventory, and make a more reasonable inventory purchase plan, so as to effectively control the inventory, reduce the occupation of reserve funds and speed up the capital turnover.
Four. conclusion
To do a good job in inventory management, we must first establish an inventory management system suitable for the company's own development, and then make a careful purchase plan to minimize inventory and reduce capital occupation, effectively promote the optimization of enterprise inventory structure and improve the capital operation rate, thus ensuring the sustained, stable and healthy development of enterprises. Only by doing this can the enterprise's inventory management be done well and the enterprise can continue to operate.
References:
[1] Zeng Jie. On the effective ways for enterprises to strengthen inventory management [J]. Times Trade, 2007, (9).
[2] Wan Ru. Some thoughts on inventory management [J]. Liaoning Economy, 2008(8)
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